Money Wont Solve the Prolems in Our Public Schools :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Money Wont Solve the Prolems in Our Public SchoolsOur Public Schools argon the worst in the state, I exposed someone say. Last years results of the State Mastery Tests were the lowest ever. Some parents even went as far as c bothing on the city manager to declare the education system a state of emergency. They complain that the schools in the suburbs have more money to spend on resources than they do. At meetings I hear community members appluad when administrators say that the Board of Education will be getting extra funds to spend per student, but they are all(a) smell in the wrong direction. Money will not change the test scores. Computers will not change students abilities. Additional books will not of a sudden improve maths or language skills, but a change in behavior will.It is the attitude of students, mainly their behavior, that results in poor achievement. Too lots valuable m is wasted with classroom control. It is difficult trying to teach children who are constantly t alking and laughing as if the teacher is not in the room. When they are suppose to be working, some students walk around the room and when scolded by the teacher they pout with ugly looks on their faces and stomp back to their seats. Others advisedly rock their chairs deplorable the ones who are trying to work quietly. When teachers have to spend half of the morning trying to control and discipline students, they are then withal exhausted and mentally tired to teach with the same enthusiasm they had at the beginning of the daylight. Therefore students miss out on a high gauge lesson and instead perplex a watered-down version.Another result of their disruptive behavior is low morale. I once saw two third-grade teachers line up their complete class on the playground and scold them for at least ten minutes. I stood in the distance watching the students squirming, some hanging their heads and some looking as if it was all going in one ear and passing out the other, and I wondere d what could have driven those teachers to this point. Sometimes I pass a line of students in the hallway being yelled at because they cannot walk in a neat line from the classroom to the gym without talking loud or at least two kids ending up in a dispute.The behavior is worse at lunch time. I entered the cafeteria one day and heard a loud banging noise.Money Wont Solve the Prolems in Our Public Schools Argumentative Persuasive ArgumentMoney Wont Solve the Prolems in Our Public SchoolsOur Public Schools are the worst in the state, I heard someone say. Last years results of the State Mastery Tests were the lowest ever. Some parents even went as far as occupation on the mayor to declare the education system a state of emergency. They complain that the schools in the suburbs have more money to spend on resources than they do. At meetings I hear community members appluad when administrators say that the Board of Education will be getting extra funds to spend per student, but they are all looking in the wrong direction. Money will not change the test scores. Computers will not change students abilities. Additional books will not suddenly improve mathematics or language skills, but a change in behavior will.It is the attitude of students, mainly their behavior, that results in poor achievement. Too much valuable time is wasted with classroom control. It is difficult trying to teach children who are constantly talking and laughing as if the teacher is not in the room. When they are supposed to be working, some students walk around the room and when scolded by the teacher they pout with ugly looks on their faces and stomp back to their seats. Others purposely rock their chairs disturbing the ones who are trying to work quietly. When teachers have to spend half of the morning trying to control and discipline students, they are then too exhausted and mentally tired to teach with the same enthusiasm they had at the beginning of the day. Therefore students miss out on a high quality lesson and instead receive a watered-down version.Another result of their disruptive behavior is low morale. I once saw two third-grade teachers line up their entire class on the playground and scold them for at least ten minutes. I stood in the distance watching the students squirming, some hanging their heads and some looking as if it was all going in one ear and passing out the other, and I wondered what could have driven those teachers to this point. Sometimes I pass a line of students in the hallway being yelled at because they cannot walk in a neat line from the classroom to the gym without talking loudly or at least two kids ending up in a dispute.The behavior is worse at lunch time. I entered the cafeteria one day and heard a loud banging noise.

Essay --

The Society of TennisTennis is the worlds alacritous growing sport today for m some(prenominal) reasons. One of the biggest reasons is the variety of opp iodinnts one can face. In examining the game of tennis, most players can be categorized into one of four groups, the keen, the rabbits, the pushers, and the blasters. These different players make the game different each time one plays. This changes each match for the better, or for the worse.The Talent is a player who is equal to(p) to adapt his game to give him the best advantage against any opponent, in any weather condition, whenever needed. He can drop shot, blast, thread the needle, find oneself weaknesses, and reflex volley. This player will find what institutes best and dismantle the game. The talent will exhaust almost any player. At the highest levels, the talent may choose to play directly into his opponents strength. Bill Tilden was notorious for this tactic. When asked why he attacked the other players strengths, h is answer was, That way, once Ive broken him down, both he has to fall back on are his weaknesses. The talent tends to be able to change strategies and tactics in the blink of an eye. He may, within a set, even within a point, switch from one pattern to another to keep the opponent off balance no matter the situation.The Rabbit is busy and tireless. He believes he can return any ball and becomes a human backboard. This player relies on his opponents misses, rather than on any money shot of his own. His strength is that while retrieving, they keep the opponent pinned to his/her own baseline. The rabbit has consistent depth and uniformly steady pace on his strokes. He just doesnt seem to work the corners or angles the way most baseliners do. If one is playing the baseline game ... ...y of a rabbit, but the inconsistency of the pusher. any once in a while, a seemingly lazy player could walk onto the court and instantly become one of the talented. The other talented would work out o ff-season, practice off season. But this kid refuses to put forth the effort. He just doesnt understand where he really belongs on the court.The talented are players who exude confidence. They have finesse, power, speed, and strategy. They compare to the well-rounded, athletic, and social A-student. On the other hand, the rabbits strive to be talented and model the talenteds behavior only dont quite reach that goal. The pushers would like to be accepted but dont want to put forth the effort to mention his game. The blaster resembles the athletes in the school who force bluster their way through the school. These people are accepted due to their immense power.

Designer Babies Essays -- essays research papers

Designer BabiesIve been poked and prodded at ever since I can remember, but what I didnt know was that I was actually a poked and prodded at individual even beforehand my existence. Transplanted DNA is what they should have named me instead of Wang. I find my existence to be not as real or as wanted as others who were conceived naturally with both loving parents and even the idea of other loving parents adopting their children. It unspoilt seems unfair that my parents would make decisions for me before I was even born. The idea of someone wanting to create their child is absurd. Our bodies own process of getting rid of the noisome genes is something we can not control. We can not begin to have the same instinct as our bodies. Allowing this to go on could jeopardize an individuals soulfulnessal identity and its remarkableness and how far is too far in parents decision making. This process will also affect the designed baby emotionally for the child whitethorn remember they are not real in the sense that they were created for selfish purposes. Altering an embryos genetics affects the child physically and emotionally. As well as affecting the fellowship as a whole in the long run.Designer babies, a term used by journalists, are described as advanced generative technologies allowing parents and doctors to hide embryos for genetic disorders and for selecting healthy embryos (Bionet). There are three ways that can be used to create this designer baby. The simplest way to a designer child is human cloning taking a cadre from an adult and combining it with a human egg to make an identikit clone of the adult. This is the last pedigree child with guaranteed genes Another more difficult way to make designer people, or a super race, is to take sperm or eggs, or cells in a developing embryo, and add new genes to them. This is called germ cell alteration A third way is to alter cells after birth. This is called somatic cell alteration. Here the effects will die out when the person dies, and will not be passed onto a second generation of designer babies (Dixon). Parents make decisions for their children before they are even born. The unborn fetus is robbed of molding their own identity because their physical traits have been chosen for them indirectly. The child is artificial and unnatural. A science examine preformed wrongfully, in hopes to create ones self conscious idea of... ...hat fate can only be made possible by change the traits that nature intended us to inherit. Thus gradeting wrongful thoughts of peoples views of whats acceptable. When in reality everybody is different and thats what gives a person an identity and if we all look the same then that would be a world of chaos and if youre not rich enough then youre put to the side as the ugly duckling. Once we are capable of changing our child genetically the imperfect will not be accepted in a society of a super human race of intelligent, flawless, disease free people.websites where i got the quotes1http//www.bionetonline.org/English/Content/db_cont1.htmAdvanced reproductive technologies allow parents and doctors to screen embryos for genetic disorders and select healthy embryos. -definition2http//www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DD57.htmDebating designer babiesPersonal reproductive choices should not be a matter for legal regulation.by Ellie Lee3http//www.reason.com/rb/rb030602.shtmlhelpful entropy for debate pro4http//www.globalchange.com/designer.htmsex selection should not be allowed because one should love their child no matter what sex or appearance it may have.

Electricity Policy Reform and Responsible Government in India Essay exa

With many different religious, ethnic, and social groups, the Republic of India is a unique and diverse state. Since gaining independence, India has set about a challenge of encouraging the variegated people within its borders to embrace and celebrate a common Indian identity even while nurturing their unequivocal cultures and traditions. This diversity is reflected throughout social and political challenges in Indian society. Although the different federal states are given a certain amount of leeway to settle for the populations heterogeneity, the primordial government maintain a great amount of power for purpose of holding the nation together. As India has developed, one of its focuses has been the get-up-and-go sector and increasing Indian citizens access to electricity. The government has historically carried a large influence over Indias vital electricity sector,. Electricity is a concurrent subject under the Constitutio n, falling under the purview of both the central government and the states. Whether by influencing the electricity sector through private companies collaborating with the central government or acting directly through state-owned companies and bureaucracies, India has maintained a large degree of centralized control over the electricity sector. Since passing the talent Conservation Act of 2001, the government has pursued a national policy of increasing Indian electricity independence and access. In order to meet these goals, India has utilise state-owned enterprises and bureaucratic institutions to maintain direct control over the sector. However, the Electricity Act of 2003 reformed Indias electricity policy, allowing for more electricity sector privatization and fewe... ...ar, Shailesh. UP Farmers run Protest over Land Acquisition by Reliance. Down To Earth. N.p., 15 Feb. 2007. Web. 11 whitethorn 2014.Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill. StudyMode.com, 01 January 2014. Web. 11 whitethorn 2014.Mona Sur and Dina Umali-Deininger, Public Expenditures and Subsidies in Indian Surface Irrigation Who Benefits, paper presented at Water Week 2003, conference organized by World Bank, Washington, DC, 4-6 March 2003. Web. whitethorn 15, 2014.Tongia, Rahul. The Political Economy of Indian Power Sector Reforms, pp. 109-174 in D.G. Victor and T.C. Heller, (eds.) 2007, Reforming Electric Power Markets in Developing Countries Politics, Law and Institutions. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. March 2007. Web. 11 May 2014.United Nations. Population and Vital Statistics Report. January 1, 2013. Web. May 15, 2014.

Hair Gel :: Business Management Studies

Hair GelBrylcreem (brill-cream) was created in 1929. It was in any case invented atthe Chemico Works in Bradford Street in Birmingham. Brylcreem was thefirst mass-marketed mens hair care product. Its purpose is to keepcombed hair in place. The shiny look it gave to the hair was toofashionable for a time. Other substances, including petroleum jelly,were in use for this purpose earlier. During this time Brylcreem hadthe jingle which was Brylcreem A Little Dabll Do Ya which wasintroduced to the TV viewers at that time. This greasy substance usedby men, so they could slick and style down their hair. It comes in atube and a small amount is squeezed out, rubbed amongst the palms, andapplied to the head. The company brylcreem has been around for a longtime. They market gels, wax and cream. Brylcreem are still aroundtoday, but they are non as customary as they were back then. They alsotried to come back into the market as they tried to introduce newproducts and new packaging which was i n 2002. The trouble they had wasthat they sat back and let other companies join in. At that time theydid non market very well. So now at the moment, not that some(prenominal) peopleuse the product. So this company shouldnt really be a problem for me.DaxThis Company has just started over in the UK but is quite a well knownin the USA. The company has been established in 1983 in the USA andbrought over to UK in the year 1994. There weakness is that they arenot well known but are beginning to be known quite well. They have nomarketing strategies out. They have two types of waxes out on themarket. One of them is called wave and groom and the other shortand neat. People have made complaints about there products before. The wave andgroom product because it genuinely sticks to your hair like glue andpeople also say because their product is partly made out of oil it idhard to get out of your hair. They also supply a shampoo to get thewax out but it doesnt say that on the wave and groom tin. They are anot so big here as they are in USA so my product should be able towithstand them.TRE semmeTRE semme except do only one type of wax. They also do fibre puttywhich is a sticky wax. TRE semme has only been marketed nation- widefrom August 2004. The products they do are shampoos, mousse,

Hair Gel :: Business Management Studies

Hair GelBrylcreem (brill-cream) was created in 1929. It was in addition invented atthe Chemico Works in Bradford Street in Birmingham. Brylcreem was the premier(prenominal) mass-marketed mens hair care product. Its purpose is to keepcombed hair in place. The shiny look it gave to the hair was alsofashionable for a time. separate substances, including petroleum jelly,were in use for this purpose earlier. During this time Brylcreem hadthe jingle which was Brylcreem A Little Dabll Do Ya which wasintroduced to the TV viewers at that time. This greasy substance utilizeby men, so they could slick and style down their hair. It comes in atube and a small amount is squeezed out, rubbed between the palms, andapplied to the head. The company brylcreem has been virtually for a longtime. They market gels, wax and cream. Brylcreem are still aroundtoday, only they are not as popular as they were back then. They alsotried to come back into the market as they tried to introduce newproducts and new packaging which was in 2002. The problem they had wasthat they sat back and allow other companies join in. At that time theydid not market very well. So now at the moment, not that many peopleuse the product. So this company shouldnt really be a problem for me.DaxThis Company has just started over in the UK but is quite well knownin the USA. The company has been established in 1983 in the USA andbrought over to UK in the year 1994. T here weakness is that they arenot well known but are beginning to be known quite well. They have nomarketing strategies out. They have two types of waxes out on themarket. One of them is called wave and stableboy and the other shortand neat. People have made complaints about there products before. The wave andgroom product because it actually sticks to your hair like gum tree andpeople also say because their product is partly made out of oil it idhard to get out of your hair. They also supply a lave to get thewax out but it doesnt say that on the wave and groom tin. They are anot so big here as they are in USA so my product should be able towithstand them.TRE semmeTRE semme only do only one type of wax. They also do fibre puttywhich is a sticky wax. TRE semme has only been marketed nation- widefrom August 2004. The products they do are shampoos, mousse,

Merchants of Cool Essay

In watching the film, Merchants of Cool, which was aired in 2001, it is quite concerning how our society is let going to consuming as a means of achieving a satisfying standard of living. The film brought to light how large media companies, especially conglomerates that suffer all production and distribution of media from start to finish, study and trade in to teen youths because of their large quantity of guilt money, disposable income giving to youth by parents to keep them happy. They have become the most marketed group, which in turn turns the youth into adults that continue to gather ink happiness in consuming.The fear in this standard of living is that we start losing touch with our true values, and instead of looking towards family, community, ethnicity and theology as the creator of cultural forms, we are now beingness oriented as a society by the world of commodities. And with the advancement of technology, so has marketing inquiry advanced, where we are being speci fically being catered to with ads to continue this cycle of finding substance and happiness by the purchase of goods and services.Advertisers know that they heapnot sell meaning and happiness, but they can illicit those feelings by advertising visions of what a good life should be through the selling of products, known as **image-based advertising**. Sut Jhallys article, Image-Based Culture Advertising and Popular Culture, explains how image-based advertising has been so integrated into our way of thought and aspiration that it is difficult to pinpoint when our most cherished values became tied(p) into consumer culture (p 201).Advertisements have taken up so much of our public space and discourse, and now even our private with the advancement of technology, that we are constantly being shown what the vision of happiness is, and what we must buy to achieve a satisfying standard of living. Juliet Schors article, The New Politics of Consumption Why Americans Want So Much More Tha n They Need, breaks down the idea that Americans live in a constant raise of **dis-ease** worrying about the preoccupation with getting and spending (p 205). non only is this disconcerting because it takes away from living in the moment, but it pushes us to live beyond our means. We arent happy because we do not emulate what we see as the good life because of the growing aspirational gap because of upscale emulation. We are never at ease where we stand economically and socially, and feel the pressures to keep up. And although this is a problem with the upper and middle class, it is a more dangerous problem for the lower class. The trickle effect of status symbol goods, such as state of the art phones, flat screen televisions, etc., sets up those with limited resources and aspirations of living the good life by buying those goods for continual financial failure through consumption of expensive goods that is beyond their means. The film, The Merchants of Cool, aired in 2001, and the way that companies acquired information from the consumer was with cool hunters, marketing researchers who would research and interview to see what trends could be capitalized on. The analyzing was apparent, as distant to now where consumers are being researched and leveled in ways that are more subtle, and now advertisers have the tools to more conspicuously sell us the good life.On the radio interview How Companies are Defining Your Worth Online, Joseph Turrow discussed how marketers dont even have to do much to gather information from us, they can now track our online movements using digital tracking like cookies. This information is gathered and sold to advertisers by data marketers, unbeknownst to us. Market research has evolved so much because of the growing digital world we live in. And advertisers are now able to subtly sell to us in a personally targeted way, instead of the blatant in your face banner ads that we would automatically close without even reading them.Althoug h this is perfectly legal, the downfall falls on the consumer that is being researched and targeted. Our sense impression of consumption is insatiable when we are constantly being targeted, we lose a sense of privacy when we are constantly being watched, and, as Joseph Turrow too discussed, and we can also be targets of **digital social discrimination**. Digital social discrimination, which is the idea that companies can take digital information and make inferences of what kind of ads are fit for the individual consumer, they target only certain ads, discounts, and such (2012).Advertisers then think of that individual only in a certain way, and may even target ads that may have negative connotations, such as getting out of debt ads, weight loss, and such. Consumers are being categorized, and because of the categories they are being targeted by certain ads, which maybe sell a good that is not appropriate, and denied others because of assumptions being made by the online informati on gathered on that individual. This is why it is important to have some material body of regulatory system overseeing the structure and ownership of media. U. S.government plays only a small role in determining who owns the media, and only regulates it minimally, and the power of the U. S. media that uses the market research to produce products reaches us not just here in the United States, but also has a global impact. Because of the United States **cultural imperialism**, where American styles in fashion and food, as well as media far, dominate the global market, our versions of the good life are influenced on parts of the world, as discussed in Richard Campbells Media economics and the Global Marketplace, (p 411).Our cultural dumping of exporting U. S. media can influence other countries societal value systems, development of original local products, and abandon their own rituals to adopt American tastes. In reality, the power behind these large media researchers, marketers, p roducers, and distributors, who are often the owned by the same company, is astounding and influences not only our lives as an individual, but also has the potential to influence on a global level.They are able to gather information about individuals, sell it, and categorize as they see fit, leaving us with no sense of privacy, with the goal of selling us as many goods and services as possible until we reach the unachievable good life, which is a vision that they have carefully created. Until we, as consumers, are more aware of how much consumption has taken over our sense of self-worth and satisfaction and how little privacy we have in the new digital age, we will keep trying to buy the good life. ?

Aligarh Movement – Essay

Syed Ahmad khan was the first man to start a reform ordure among the Muslims. This movement was known as the Aligarh Movement. To him Quran was the only authentic scripture for Islam and all other Islamic writings are secondary and misnomer. For the safety of the Muslim community in India, he cherished to maintain cordial relation between the Muslims and the Bruisers. Further, he wanted to provide modern education to the Muslims. For educating the Muslim society, Ahmad Khan established an English Medium School at Ghazipur in 1864.Later on he established Vegan Samaj for translating English books to impart scientific knowledge to the Muslims. To find his dream, he established Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh which developed into Aligarh University in 1890, thus, the Aligarh movement was instrumental in spreading western education among the Muslims and developing religious fundamentalism in spite of appearance them. For achieving that end, he organized a Mohammedan Edu cational Conference which fostered unity among the Muslims and spread western education among them.Taking chance of it, Theodore Back, the first principal of the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College and his successor Mr. Morrison spread communalism among the educated Muslims. The Aligarh Movement was instrumental in the social, economic and educational progress of the Muslims in India. Due to the predominance of the Hindus in the field of study awakening, Ahmad Khan launched this movement to safeguard the Muslim interest. Being deeply impressed by the western education and culture, Ahmad Khan wanted to incline towards the English administrators of India and certified the Muslims to remain loyal to the British authority.In 1893, he formed the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defense Association of. India and limited its leadership only to the Muslims. By this, he wanted to keep the Muslims away from politics. Syed Ahmad Khan also opposed the All India Congress. Thus, the Aligarh Movement mad e the Muslim fundamentalism strong. The Bruisers capitalized this by sowing the seeds of communalism among the Muslims and followed their principle divide and rule to secure their position in India.

Bad Boys and Why They Are Not Naughty by Nature but by Culture

Samantha Latting Charise Albritton Sociology 3255 4 April 2013 Bad Boys And Why They Are Not Naughty By Nature But By Culture Dont recollect the Hype. I believe the title of the very first chapter perfectly introduces and summarizes Bad Boys Public Schools in the Making of blackamoor Masculinity. These young boys be adultified and argon secure to these two controlling insures of the criminal and the endangered species. The steering these young boys are treated in school is a parallel to how they entrust be treated in juvenile detentions centers and in a lot of cases the penal remains when they reach adulthood.Due to the adultification and controlling images gruesome masculine juvenility develop different move mechanisms to deal with these negative assumptions they know are made about them. This includes they way they act out in their classrooms. The way in which these young boys are behaving is non because they are naughty by nature, it is an act, or a defense mechanis m that is brought upon by how they are treated by educators and other post figures. Black boys are non seen as childlike but adultified as black males, they are denied the masculine dispensation constituting white males as creation naturally naughty and are discerned as wilfully bad (80). School is supposed to be a place where children learn, develop and grow. However, when a child is adultified this cannot really occur. This means that adults they interact with believe that their future is pre-determined. A common phrase used without the book is that kid has a jail cell with his name on it. When educators have this kind of mentality where they believe they are not going to be able to change this student they do not attempt toin their head they are as developed, as they will ever be, just as an adult would be. The two controlling images that are tied to adultification are the criminal and the endangered species (83). Criminalization was touched on a bit when the bit about instr uctors believing the child would end up in jail was mentioned. Young black males and their actions and transgressions are made to take on a sinister, intentional, fully conscious tone that is stripped of any element of childish naivete (83). The second controlling image, the endangered species, is a mirror image of the criminal. By calling the young black male an endangered species were saying they are in an obsolete stage of social evolution. When looking at the boys in either light, as a criminal or as an endangered species contemporary imagery proclaims black males to be responsible for their own fate. The talk over of individual choice and responsibility elides the social and economic context and locates predation as coming from within (82). This means that although it may be said that the black male is in control of his own actions the discourses in which we view them actually says the opposite that people believe that they are, once again, naughty by nature. Black male youth have too frequent kinds with the penal system, which could be, in part, because of this naughty by nature belief. Due to profiling and stereotyping their chances of entering the juvenile detention system is high and there is an even higher chance of being jailed as an adult (233).We see the criminality and demonization of black male youth that was present in their school experiences in the penal system as well. This process is repeated through surveillance, policing, charges, and penalties (233). Black male youth perform maleness using three strategies. These strategies are gendered acts, classroom exertion, and fighting. Gendered acts means the boys act as aggressors and treat the females as victims. These strategies often get the boys in trouble, however it is a way for him to make a place for himself as a real boy. These gendered acts are not just imitation they are a highly strategic attachment to a social category that has political effects (171). Performance in the classro om is also a evasive action used to perform masculinity. It is fundamental to the masculine performance is engagement with power. In the book there are several instances of black male youth causing classroom disruptions. This could include laughing, constantly talking, interrupting, being loud, being sassy, demanding others attention, etc. The kids see most of these acts as humorous and times of self-expression (175).Some kids are stars at these performances. The performances are rituals that involve their own script, roles, and timing. These melodramatic moments are sites for the presentations of a potent masculine presence in the classroom (176). The good bad boy engages power, makes the class laugh, takes risks and makes the teacher smile (176). The final tactic used to perform masculinity is fighting. In the book, fighting is the most common offense in which students are sent to the Punishing Room and the vast legal age of the offenders are African American males (180).Stud ents are told that fighting is not the answer if someone tries to start a fight with you then you should tell a teacher and allow them to intervene. However, this goes against the code of masculinity. Letting an adult intervene is a sign of weakness. Another reason children dont want teachers to intervene is because they dont believe an adult can really change the relationship between kids. The only thing she can really do is instruct them to stop (180). Black male youth develop coping mechanisms in response to the reception they receive in public.Included in these mechanisms are processes of identification, the formation of self at the opine of how one is seen an how one sees oneself. (125). On one level the boys brush off the fear and surveillance as flattering and a sign of their ability to disembowel attention and be noticed (125). This can be a temporarily rewarding reaction. However, on another level identities are constituted in relationship to the perceptions and expectat ions of other people (125). The act the boys are putting on becomes a realitythey reinforce the idea of this stereotype of manner.We can look at Horace to constitute these examples. Horace is prepared to fight both physically and verbally. He has learned that in public he needs to challenge authority. His fighting has earned him respect and authority among his peers. This is easily tied in to how classroom performance plays a role in masculinity, which was briefly touched upon before. For African American boys this performance in the classroom of being a class clown or causing other disruptions invokes cultural conventions of speech performance that draws on a black repertoire (178). This performance in the classroom is a way for African American boys to establish their desired reputation and to make a name for themselves, as well as achieve status at school. Dont simply believe the hype and stereotypes surrounding black male youth. They are not naughty by nature, but by the cult ure in which they live and learn in. These boys are adultified and seen as a criminals and/or an endangered species. Many times this bad behavior is simply an act to achieve masculinity and status among peers and over time becomes reality.This is one of the coping mechanisms that these boys develop to deal with the way they are treated and comprehend by the adults in their lives. They way these authority figures at school treat them is very similar to how they will be treated in juvenile detentions centers (which they are likely to encounter) and by people in the penal system in which they very well may be subjected to as adults. The behavior of these young boys is due to a cause and effect relationship between how they are treated by their educators and other adults in positions of authority.

Pedagology of the Oppressed Essay

A c atomic number 18ful analysis of the larner-student dealingship at any level, inside or outside the school, reveals its fundawork forcetally account character. The relationship involves a narrating re beat (the teacher) and patient, listening inclinations (the students). The confine, whether values or empirical di handssions of reality, tend in the process of being narrated to become lifeless and petrified. fostering is suffering from narration sickness.The teacher dialogue about reality as if it were motionless, static, com partmentalized, and predictable. Or else he expounds on a topic completely alien to the existential experience of the students. His task is to fill the students with the contents of his narration contents which argon detached from reality, disconnected from the totality that engendered them and could give them signifi kindlece. Words are emptied of their concreteness and become a hollow, alienated, and alienating verbosity.The outstanding characteri stic of this account study, then, is the sonority of words, non their transforming power. Four times four is sixteen the capital of Par is Belm. The student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really doer, or realizing the true signifi hindquartersce of capital in the affirmation the capital of Par is Belm, that is, what Belm means for Par and what Par means for Brazil. reading (with the teacher as narrator) leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content. Worse yet, it turns them into containers, into receptacles to be filled by the teacher. The more than than completely he fills the receptacles, the better a teacher he is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are.Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiqus and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the banking model of upbringing, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends yet as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. They do, it is true, have the opportunity to become collectors or cataloguers of the things they store. unless in the eventually analysis, it is men themselves who are filed away done the lack of creativity, transformation, and k outrightledge in this (at best) misguided outline. For apart from inquiry, apart from the praxis, men can non be truly hu piece being. Knowledge emerges only through invention and re-invention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry men pursue in the reality, with the hu small-arms and with each other.In the banking purpose of preparation, knowledge is a largess bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nonhing. Projecting an absolute ignorance onto othe rs, a characteristic of the ideology of oppression, negates bringing up and knowledge as processes of inquiry. The teacher presents himself to his students as their necessary opposite by considering their ignorance absolute, he justifies his own organism. The students, alienated like the slave in the Hegelian dialectic, accept their ignorance as justifying the teachers existence still, unlike the slave, they never discover that they educate the teacher.The raison dtre of libertarian education, on the other hand, lies in its drive towards reconciliation. Education must(prenominal) begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by cooperative the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.This solution is not (nor can it be) found in the banking concept. On the contrary, banking education maintains and even stimulates the contradiction through the following attitudes and workouts, which mirror oppressive companionship as a w holea) the teacher teaches and the students are taught b) the teacher knows everything and the students know nothing c) the teacher thinks and the students are suasion about d) the teacher talks and the students listen meekly e) the teacher disciplines and the students are disciplined f) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply g) the teacher acts and the students have the fondness of acting through the action of the teacher h) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) adapt to it i) the teacher confuses the authority of knowledge with his own professional authority, which he sets in opposition to the exemption of the students j) the teacher is the Subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.It is not surprising that the banking concept of education regards men as adaptable, manageable beings. The more students impart at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they larn the crit ical brain which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world. The more completely they accept the passive character reference imposed on them, the more they tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented experience of reality deposited in them.The capability of banking education to disparage or annul the students fictive power and to stimulate their credulity actions the interests of the oppressors, who care neither to have the world revealed nor to see it transformed. The oppressors use their humanitarianism to pre table service a profitable situation. Thus they react almost instinctively against any experiment in education which stimulates the critical faculties and is not content with a partial view of reality but always seeks out the ties which link one point to another and one problem to another.Indeed, the interests of the oppressors lie in changing the spirit of the loaded, not the situation which oppresses them1 f or the more the oppressed can be led to adapt to that situation, the more easily they can be dominated. To achieve this end, the oppressors use the banking concept of education in conjunction with a paternalistic social action apparatus, within which the oppressed receive the euphemistic title of welfare recipients.They are treated as individual cases, as marginal men who deviate from the general configuration of a good, organized, and just society. The oppressed are regarded as the pathology of the healthy society, which must because adjust these incompetent and lazy folk to its own patterns by changing their mentality. These marginals need to be integrated, incorporated into the healthy society that they have forsaken.The truth is, however, that the oppressed are not marginals, are not men living outside society. They have always been inside inside the structure which made them beings for others. The solution is not to integrate them into the structure of oppression, but to tra nsform that structure so that they can become beings for themselves. Such transformation, of course, would undermine the oppressors purposes hence their utilization of the banking concept of education to bar the threat of student conscientizaco.The banking approach to adult education, for example, will never propose to students that they critically consider reality. It will deal instead with such vital questions as whether Roger gave green grass to the goat, and insist upon the importance of learning that, on the contrary, Roger gave green grass to the rabbit. The humanism of the banking approach masks the attack to turn men into automatons the very negation of their ontological vocation to be more fully human. They may perceive through their relations with reality that reality is really a process, undergoing constant transformation. If men are searchers and their ontological vocation is humanization, sooner or later they may perceive the contradiction in which banking education seeks to maintain them, and then engage themselves in the postulate for their liberation.But the humanist, subversive educator cannot wait for this possibility to materialize. From the outset, his efforts must coincide with those of the students to engage in critical thinking and the quest for mutual humanization. His efforts must be imbued with a profound trust in men and their creative power. To achieve this, he must be a partner of the students in his relations with them.The banking concept does not admit to such partnership and necessarily so. To resolve the teacher-student contradiction, to exchange the role of depositor, prescriber, domesticator, for the role of student among students would be to undermine the power of oppression and serve the cause of liberation.Implicit in the banking concept is the assumption of a dichotomy between man and the world man is merely in the world, not with the world or with others man is spectator, not re-creator. In this view, man is not a conscious being (corpo consciente) he is quite an the possessor of instinct an empty reason passively open to the reception of deposits of reality from the world outside. For example, my desk, my books, my coffee cup, all the objects before me as bits of the world which surrounds me would be inside me, exactly as I am inside my study right now. This view makes no distinction between being accessible to consciousness and entering consciousness. The distinction, however, is essential the objects which surround me are simply accessible to my consciousness, not located within it. I am aware of them, but they are not inside me.It follows logically from the banking notion of consciousness that the educators role is to regulate the way the world enters into the students. His task is to organize a process which already occurs spontaneously, to fill the students by making deposits of data which he considers to constitute true knowledge.2 And since men receive the world as passive ent ities, education should make them more passive still, and adapt them to the world. The educated man is the adapted man, because he is better fit for the world. Translated into practice, this concept is well suited to the purposes of the oppressors, whose tranquillity rests on how well men fit the world the oppressors have created, and how small they question it.The more completely the majority adapt to the purposes which the dominant minority prescribe for them (thereby depriving them of the right to their own purposes), the more easily the minority can broaden to prescribe. The theory and practice of banking education serve this end quite efficiently. Verbalistic lessons, reading requirements,3 the orders for evaluating knowledge, the distance between the teacher and the taught, the criteria for promotion everything in this ready-to-wear approach serves to egest thinking.The bank-clerk educator does not realize that there is no true security in his hypertrophied role, that one must seek to live with others in solidarity. unitary cannot impose oneself, nor even merely co-exist with ones students. Solidarity requires true communication, and the concept by which such an educator is guided fears and prescribes communication.Yet only through communication can human life hold meaning. The teachers thinking I authenticated only by the authenticity of the students thinking. The teacher cannot think for his students, nor can he impose his thought on them. true(p) thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication. If it is true that thought has meaning only when generated by action upon the world, the subordination of students to teachers becomes impossible.Because banking education begins with a false understanding of men as objects, it cannot promote the development of what Fromm calls biophily, but instead produces its opposite necrophily.While life is characterized by growth in a struct ured, functional manner, the necrophilous person loves all that does not grow, all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is driven by the entrust to transform the organic into the inorganic, to approach life mechanically, as if all living persons were things.Memory, rather than experience having, rather than being, is what counts. The necrophilous person can relate to an object a flower or a person only if he possesses it hence a threat to his self-command is a threat to himself if he loses possession he loses contact with the worldHe loves crack, and in the act of controlling he kills life.4Oppressionoverwhelming controlis necrophilic it is nourished by love of death, not life. The banking concept of education, which serves the interests of oppression, is also necrophilic. Based on a mechanistic, static, naturalistic, spatialized view of consciousness, it transforms students into receiving objects. It attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the w orld, and inhibits their creative power.When their efforts to act responsibly are frustrated, when they find themselves unable to use their faculties, men suffer. This suffering due to impotence is rooted in the very circumstance that the human equilibrium has been disturbed.5 But the inability to act which causes mens anguish also causes them to reject their impotence, by attemptingto restore their capacity to act. But can they, and how? unmatchedway is to submit to and identify with a person or group having power.By this symbolic participation in another persons life, men havethe illusion of acting, when in reality they only submit to andbecome a part of those who act.6Populist manifestations perhaps best exemplify this type of behaviour by the oppressed, who, by identifying with charismatic leaders, come to touch that they themselves are active and effective. The rebellion they express as they emerge in the historical process is motivated by that desire to act effectively. The dominant elites consider the remedy to be more domination and repression, carried out in the name of freedom, order, and social peace (that is, the peace of the elites). Thus they can condemnlogically, from the point of viewthe violence of a strike by workers and can call upon the state in the same breath to use violence in putting down the strike.7Education as the exercise of domination stimulates the credulity of students, with the ideological intent (often not perceived by educators) of indoctrinating them to adapt to the world of oppression. This electric charge is not made in the nave hope that the dominant elites will thereby simply abandon the practice. Its objective is to call the attention of true humanists to the fact that they cannot use banking educational methods in the pursuit of liberation for they would only negate that very pursuit. Nor may a revolutionary society inherit these methods from an oppressor society. The revolutionary society which practices banking edu cation is either misguided or mistrusting of men. In either event, it is threatened by the spectre of reaction.Unfortunately, those who espouse the cause of liberation are themselves surrounded and influenced by the climate which generates the banking concept, and often do not perceive its true significance or its dehumanizing power. Paradoxically, then, they utilize this same instrument of alienation in what they consider an effort to liberate. Indeed, some revolutionaries brand as innocents, dreamers, or even reactionaries those who would challenge this educational practice. But one does not liberate men by alienating them.Authentic liberationthe process of humanizationis not another deposit to be made in men. Liberation is a praxis the action and reflection of men upon their world in order to transform it. Those truly committed to the cause of liberation can accept neither the mechanistic concept of consciousness as an empty vessel to be filled, not the use of banking methods of domination (propaganda, slogansdeposits) in the name of liberation.Those truly committed to liberation must reject the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of man as conscious beings, and consciousness as consciousness intent upon the world. They must abandon the educational goal of deposit-making and tack it with the posing of the problems of men in their relations with the world. Problem-posing education, responding to the essence of consciousnessintentionalityrejects communiqus and embodies communication. It epitomizes the special characteristic of consciousness being conscious of, not only as intent on objects but as turned in upon itself in a Jasperian splitconsciousness as consciousness of consciousness.Liberating education consists in acts of cognition, not transferrals of information. It is a learning situation in which the cognizable object (far from being the end of the cognitive act) intermediates the cognitive actorsteacher on the one hand and stu dents on the other. Accordingly, the practice of problem-posing education entails at the outset that the teacher-student contradiction be resolved. Dialogical relationsindispensable to the capacity of cognitive actors to cooperate in perceiving the same cognizable objectare otherwise impossible.Indeed, problem-posing education, which breaks with the vertical patterns characteristic of banking education, can fulfil its function as the practice of freedom only if it can overcome the above contradiction. finished dialogue, the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher cease to exist and a new term emerges teacher-student with student-teachers. The teacher is no longer merely the-one-who-teaches, but one who is himself taught in dialogue with the students, who in turn while being taught also teach. They become jointly responsible for a process in which all grow. In this process, arguments based on authority are no longer valid in order to function, authority must be on th e side of freedom, not against it. Here, no one teaches another, nor is anyone self-taught. Men teach each other, mediated by the world, by the cognizable objects which in banking education are owned by the teacher.The banking concept (with its tendency to dichotomize everything) distinguishes two stages in the action of the educator. During the first, he cognizes a cognizable object while he prepares his lessons in his study or his laboratory during the second, he expounds to his students about that object. The students are not called upon to know, but to memorize the contents narrated by the teacher. Nor do the students practice any act of cognition, since the object towards which that act should be directed is the property of the teacher rather than a medium evoking the critical reflection of both teacher and students. Hence in the name of the preservation of culture and knowledge we have a system which achieves neither true knowledge nor true culture.The problem-posing method do es not dichotomize the activity of the teacher-student he is not cognitive at one point and narrative at another. He is always cognitive, whether preparing a project or engaging in dialogue with the students. He does not regard cognizable objects as his hidden property, but as the object of reflection by himself and the students. In this way, the problem-posing educator constantly re-forms his reflections in the reflection of the students. The studentsno longer docile listenersare now critical co-investigators in dialogue with the teacher. The teacher presents the material to the students for their consideration, and re-considers his earlier considerations as the students express their own. The role of the problem-posing educator is to create, together with the students, the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos.Whereas banking education anesthetizes and inhibits creative power, problem-posing education involves a constant unveiling of reality. The former attempts to maintain the submersion of consciousness the last mentioned strives for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.Students, as they are increasingly posed with problems relating to themselves in the world and with the world, will feel increasingly challenged and make to respond to that challenge. Because they apprehend the challenge as interrelated to other problems within a total context, not as a theoretical question, the resulting comprehension tends to be increasingly critical and thus constantly less alienated. Their response to the challenge evokes new challenges, followed by new understandings and gradually the students come to regard themselves as committed.Education as the practice of freedom as opposed to education as the practice of domination denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent, and unattached to the world it also denies that the world exists as a reality apart f rom men. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without men, but men in their relations with the world. In these relations consciousness and world are simultaneous consciousness neither precedes the world nor follows it.La conscience et le monde sont dorms dun meme coupextrieur par essence la conscience, le monde est, paressence relative elle.8In one of our culture circles in Chile, the group was discussing (based on a codification9) the anthropological concept of culture. In the midst of the discussion, a peasant who by banking standards was completely ignorant said Now I see that without man there is no world. When the educator responded Lets say, for the sake of argument, that all the men on earth were to die, but that the earth itself remained, together with trees, birds, animals, rivers, seas, the starswouldnt all this be a world? Oh no, the peasant replied emphatically. There would be no one to say This is a world.The peasant wished to express the idea that there would be lacking the consciousness of the world which necessarily implies the world of consciousness. I cannot exist without a not-I. In turn, the not-I depends on that existence. The world which brings consciousness into existence becomes the world of that consciousness. Hence, the antecedently cited affirmation of Sartre La conscience et le monde sont dorms dun m coup.As men, simultaneously reflecting on themselves and on the world, increase the scope of their cognition, they begin to direct their observations towards previously inconspicuous phenomenaThat which had existed objectively but had not been perceived in its deeper implications (if indeed it was perceived at all) begins to stand out, assuming the character of a problem and therefore of challenge. Thus, men begin to single out elements from their background awarenesses and to reflect upon them. These elements are now objects of mens consideration, and, as such, objects of their action and cognition.In pr oblem-posing education, men develop their power to perceive critically the way they exist in the world with which and in which they find themselves they come to see the world not as a static reality, but as a reality in process, in transformation. Although the dialectical relations of men with the world exist independently of how these relations are perceived (or whether or not they are perceived at all), it is also true that the form of action men adopt is to a large result a function of how they perceive themselves in the world. Hence, the teacher-student and the student-teachers reflect simultaneously on themselves and the world without dichotomizing this reflection from action, and thus establish an authentic form of thought and action. at a time again, the two educational concepts and practices under analysis come into conflict. Banking education (for obvious reasons) attempts, by mythicizing reality, to conceal certain facts which explain the way men exist in the world proble m-posing education sets itself the task of demythologizing. Banking education resists dialogue problem-posing education regards dialogue as indispensable to the act of cognition which unveils reality.Banking education treats students as objects of assistance problem-posing education makes them critical thinkers. Banking education inhibits creativity and domesticates (although it cannot completely destroy) the intentionality of consciousness by isolating consciousness from the world, thereby denying men their ontological and historical vocation of becoming more fully human. Problem-posing education bases itself on creativity and stimulates true reflection and action upon reality, thereby responding to the vocation of men as beings who are authentic only when prosecute in inquiry and creative transformation. In sum banking theory and practice, as immobilizing and fixating forces, fail to acknowledge men as historical beings problem-posing theory and practice take mans historicity as their starting point.Problem-posing education affirms men as beings in the process of becoming as unfinished, uncompleted beings in and with a likewise unfinished reality. Indeed, in contrast to other animals who are unfinished, but not historical, men know themselves to be unfinished they are aware of their incompletion. In this incompletion and this awareness lie the very roots of education as an exclusively human manifestation. The unfinished character of men and the transformational character of reality necessitate that education be an ongoing activity.Education is thus constantly remade in the praxis. In order to be, it must become. Its duration (in the Bergsonian meaning of the word) is found in the interplay of the opposites permanence and change. The banking method emphasizes permanence and becomes reactionary problem-posing educationwhich accepts neither a well-behaved present nor a predetermined futureroots itself in the dynamic present and becomes revolutionary.Problem-p osing education is revolutionary futurity. Hence it is prophetic (and, as such, hopeful). Hence, it corresponds to the historical nature of man. Hence, it affirms men as beings who transcend themselves, who move forward and look ahead, for whom immobility represents a inglorious threat, for whom looking at the past must only be a means of understanding more clearly what and who they are so that they can more wisely build the future. Hence, it identifies with the movement which engages men as beings aware of their incompletionan historical movement which has its point of departure, its Subjects and its objective.The point of departure of the movement lies in men themselves. But since men do not exist apart from the world, apart from reality, the movement must begin with the men-world relationship. Accordingly, the point of departure must always be with men in the here and now, which constitutes the situation within which they are submerged, from which they emerge, and in which they intervene. Only by starting from this situationwhich determines their perception of itcan they begin to move. To do this authentically they must perceive their state not as fated and unalterable, but merely as limitingand therefore challenging.Whereas the banking method directly or indirectly reinforces mens fatalistic perception of their situation, the problem-posing method presents this very situation to them as a problem. As the situation becomes the object of their cognition, the nave or witching(prenominal) perception which produced their fatalism gives way to perception which is able to perceive itself even as it perceives reality, and can thus be critically objective about that reality.A deepened consciousness of their situation leads men to apprehend that situation as an historical reality susceptible of transformation. Resignation gives way to the drive for transformation and inquiry, over which men feel themselves to be in control. If men, as historical beings necessaril y engaged with other men in a movement of inquiry, did not control that movement, it would be (and is) a violation of mens humanity. Any situation in which some men prevent others from engaging in the process of inquiry is one of violence. The means used are not important to alienate men from their own decision-making is to change them into objects.This movement of inquiry must be directed towards humanizationmans historical vocation. The pursuit of full humanity, however, cannot be carried out in isolation or individualism, but only in fellowship and solidarity therefore it cannot expand in the antagonistic relations between oppressors and oppressed. No one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so. Attempting to be more human, individualistically, leads to having more, egotistically a form of dehumanization. Not that it is not implicit in(p) to have in order to be human. Precisely because it is necessary, some mens having must not be allowed to constitute an obstacle to others having, must not consolidate the power of the former to crush the latter.Problem-posing education, as a humanist and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that men subjected to domination must fight for their emancipation. To that end, it enables teachers and students to become Subjects of the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism it also enables men to overcome their false perception of reality. The worldno longer something to be described with deceptive wordsbecomes the object of that transforming action by men which results in their humanization.Problem-posing education does not and cannot serve the interests of the oppressor. No oppressive order could permit the oppressed to begin to question Why? While only a revolutionary society can ladder out this education in systematic terms, the revolutionary leaders need to take full power before they can employ the method. In the revolutionary process, the leaders cannot utilize the banking method as an interim measure, justified on grounds of expediency, with the intention of later behaving in a genuinely revolutionary fashion. They must be revolutionarythat is to say, dialogicalfrom the outset.

The Ultimate Model City

We on the whole want to live in the best city in the world. A high standard and quality of living is, after on the whole, a very desirable thing. We cave in hopes and dreams and aspirations for what an ideal city should be. Magazines even routinely anaesthetize their own lists of the best cities in the world, so we rouse all have an idea of just what a great city should constitute. With that in mind, the following constitutes the last-ditch framework city. The model city is piddling, as larger cities have larger problems like pollution and crime.Yet it is not so small as to have nothing to offer its residents. The model city covers ten square miles or less and has a population of between 5,000 and 10,000. That bring ons it large enough to attract authorized amenities and small enough that it maintains its home townspeopleshipspeoplespeople feel and charm it is also small enough that most of the residents will have the opportunity to go to bed each other. The model city i s a direct democracy. Its citizens all have a direct say in what goes on in the town, thus giving them a authoritative feeling of ownership of the town.The direct democracy is facilitated through regularly scheduled monthly town meetings (with an option to have extra meetings in cases or emergencies or extremely important and urgent topics). Town members can go to the meetings personally or appoint a proxy to vote in their place on issues. The town meetings are pull in by a town chairman, whose main function is organizing, holding, and acting as facilitator at town meetings. This chairman is elected by secret ballot by town citizens once a year to a year-long term with no term limits. Any issue that comes before the town is voted on in town meetings.For certain functions that would require too frequent voting to be practicable, the town elects every other year to terms of cardinal years with no term limits, committee members to oversee functions such as roads and parks, etc. The town has its own Constitution. It is a document drawn up at the founding of the town and amended throughout the years by town citizens as times and needs change. It lays out the rights and responsibilities of being a citizen of the town.The town Constitution gives each citizen all of their basic freedoms found in the U. S. Constitution, plus describes the organization of their system of direct democratic government. The Constitution also guarantees non-discrimi res publica in the town in all areas of town life. This non-discrimination policy extends to all races, genders, nationalities, and sexual orientations (and just to brand name sure the policy is followed, in that location is a committee of Equal luck volunteers to look into allegations of discrimination and then report back to the town for votes on resolution). The town Constitution is displayed at the town hallway for all to see.The town has all of the basic necessities one would need in a town. These necessities include a fire department, a hospital, an elementary/middle school (grades K through 8) and a high school, a water department, an ambulance, a train station and a bus station. The town also has electric and phone service, is within range for mobile phone phone service, and has cable and high speed internet capabilities. The water and fire departments are run by volunteer committees whose terms are for two years, when they can re-volunteer or allow others to do so. on that point is no police department per se, but there is a volunteer citizens patrol, unarmed but with the power to make citizens arrests, and these volunteers take shifts patrolling the streets either on foot or in their cars. These patrol volunteers have terms of one year, renewable at will. All volunteers on all committees and departments, as well as all people in elected positions, can be removed by for cause by vote of the town. The town has an extensive system of parks and open spaces where children, families, and pet-ow ners can go.These parks are landscaped, well-kept, and rely heavily on natural influences, meaning there are many a(prenominal) trails, trees, and streams. Some parks have playground equipment, some have sports equipment, others do not. Each park has a radical, and attracts people who want to indulge in that theme (dog-walking, Frisbee, nature observation, etc. ). The town also has attracted several different ethnic restaurants, giving the town a variety of food from which to choose. The town has Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Vietnamese, Mexican, Ethiopian, Middle Eastern, French, Greek, Italian, and vegetarian restaurants available. there is also a thriving community theater, which actively encourages community participants in its productions, and which has its own playhouse. For those who prefer the silver screen to the stage, there is a 4-screen movie theater. There are also three dance fraternitys in town, a contemporary club for the young adults, a ballroom/swing club for senio rs, a line-dancing/karaoke club for families, and a club just for teenagers. The town also has several thriving civic organizations, including the Lions, Kiwanis, Daughters of the American Revolution, and a Garden club, to name a hardly a(prenominal).In addition, there is always some sort of program or production going on at the elementary/middle school and high school, including sporting events with populate towns. There is always plenty to do and plenty to get involved with in the town. The residents do not lack for recreation. The town is very environmentally conscious. It has a curbside recycling program that picks up any sort of recyclable material and provides residents with color-coded bins for dividing recyclables. The town makes sure its water is not fluoridated and has a complex filtration system to make sure the water is pure.All wires and cables are buried rather than on poles. Steps are taken through an environmental protection committee run by a committee of voluntee rs of those with knowledge in the field to make sure that any unavoidable pollution, such as through sanitation systems, has the token(prenominal) possible impact on the environment. None of the businesses in town is allowed to have any toxic emissions. Firearms are not allowed to be discharged within town limits, thus eliminating the needless killing of animals and resultant disruption of the ecological balance within the town.The town, as a result, has some of the cleanest air and water in the nation and has attracted many natural and health foods stores. In the area of business and industry, most of the people who live in the town also work in it. The small area of the town has the added benefit of making it quick and easy to get to work, and carpooling and biking is encouraged through company car pool incentive programs and well-kept cycle paths within the city. Most of the businesses in the town are topical anaestheticly owned and operated.The town places a high value on ind ependently owned stores, and has to a greater extent than once successfully voted down proposals from giving chains like Wal-Mart and Target to build there. The schools in town employ many town residents, as do the restaurants and grocery stores, the movie theater, and a wide array of specialty retail shops. The town is also home to several banks, bookstores, attorneys offices, salons/day spas, and even has a few family-run farms on the outskirts that employ some residents.The town itself is an employer of those who work on sanitation crews and recycling trucks and at the public library. There are not any big companies or corporations in the town, as that would detract from the local, small-town atmosphere and may lead to an increase in pollution and could attract undesirable companies to the town. However, the town has enough local businesses and town departments to employ nearly everyone who needs employment. The town does levy a property tax and a school tax in order to do reve nue for things it needs.However, these taxes were voted on by the town members, and every five years, the taxes are re-evaluated at town meetings in order to determine if they should continue, and if so, if they should be increased, decreased, or perch the same. A town treasurer is elected every two years to handle the money from these revenues, to create a town budget that is then voted on by the townspeople for approval, and to make sure all the money goes to the appropriate places.The town treasurer is allotted two volunteers to assist him or her in his or her duties, and these volunteers are selected at the times the town treasurer elections are held. The town is also home to a chapter of the Red Cross, and many people in the town are volunteers, and have learned how to be prepared for and handle disasters. These townspeople regularly give lectures and hold classes for other townspeople pertaining to these things, including giving a regularly scheduled adult and child CPR class and organizing and holding blood drives.If a natural disaster were to occur in the town, the citizens would be prepared and know what to do. The town is not built in an area prone to earthquakes or floods, and there are no volcanoes nearby, so the chances of these disasters happening are remote. However, the chance of a violent storm, tornado, or blizzard is a possibility, and the residents are well-prepared for these events. The town also has 911 service for their local fire trucks and ambulances, and a connection at the town hall to the Federal Emergency Management System in case of larger emergencies. So far, this connection has not had to be used.

Burglary Prevention Program Essay

Type of Research Design The look is looking forward to adopt the Quantitative customs of seek. The Quantitative Tradition of Research employs the method that is based on testing of theories. In addition, such also employs measurement of issue forths and statistical analysis. The idea stinker quantitative enquiry is often to ascertain that a generalized theory or the prediction of a theory allow for be confirmed by using a statistical method. Initi whollyy, quantitative seek starts with the hypothesis and the theories that require being tested (Benz and naturalman, 1998).The approach of quantitative research includes the use of formal and for the most part recognized instruments. In most instances, quantitative research conducts studies with an underlying expectation that a consensus would be arrived at. As such, quantitative research usually aims to conclude a predictable generalization, and a causal explanation(Benz and Newman, 1998).Quantitative research also studies co ntrolled and manipulated the participants on experiments and puts immense emphasis on deduction and analysis as the goal of the aforementioned(prenominal) is to establish consensus by reducing selective information to numerical indications. In effect of this, it could be significantly noted that the goal of quantitative research is the determination a given prediction, as the aforementioned seeks to know if certain generalizations could be verified or confirmed.In general, the quantitative methodology assumes that there is an objective reality which is indie of the person doing the research, it also takes the position that the subject of study can be done in an objective manner. The researcher must maintain independence from the research object. And the research is not expected to be value affected as the researcher must make sure that he or she does not bewilder a part of the research (Benz and Newman, 1998) .The quantitative methodology tests cause and effect by using deductive logic. When done correctly a quantitative research will be able to predict, and explain the theory in motility (Benz and Newman, 1998).Type of Sampling Sampling is the process of identifying the respondents for a particular research in order to attain the data that is necessary for a particular study. such(prenominal) is also relevant in order to avoid the difficulty of administering the survey on an entire people (Ghauri et al, 1995). According to Aaker et al (1995) research should cater to a target population that has all the necessary information for the research such as sampling elements, sampling units, and argona of coverage. The research is looking forward to adopt a compact Sampling procedure from a number of participants from various legal philosophy subdivisions who return adopted the burglary vetoion that is similar to the Burglary Prevention Program employed by the chief of police in the authors respective state.Cluster sampling is the process wherein the respond ents are chosen in clusters such as police departments in various cities and/or states using the same burglary prevention and the likes. This typecast of sampling is advantageous to save traveling while and cist reduction. It is also convenient in order to find a good number of participants who since the aforementioned are grouped into clusters (Ghauri et al, 2000).Units of Sampling to be Employed Determining the sample size for the survey is very relevant because much of the cogency of the quantitative data of the research rests upon it. For the mathematical function of this part of the research, the research will be focusing on the sample sizes arrogance separation and confidence level. The confidence interval is the plus-or-minus figure that determined the confidence results of a particular study. For the pur throw of this research, the projected confidence interval is plus or minus 1.75 on a 95% confidence level and a 120 population size. On the other hand, the confidence level tells the percentage on how the results of the study could be sure. Often times, the confidence level is expressed in percentage and tells how frequently the population on the study would pick an answer that is within the confidence interval. For the think of this study, the author use the 95% confidence level which is most used confidence level among researches (Benz and Newman, 1998). As such, in analyzing the data for the survey, the research will have to look into a 95% confidence with a plus or minus 1.75 intervals. The wider that the confidence level that the research has to work on, the more certain as well that the population answer would be more or less within that range. For the purpose of the research, the following formula will be used for the Sample Size (Benz and Newman, 1998).ss = z2 * (p) * (1-p)_________________c2Where asss= the minimum sample sizez = z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level)p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as tenfold (.5 used for sample size needed)c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., .04 = 4)There are three major factors that would affect the confidence intervals, these are the sample size, percentage and the population size. A huge sample size would make the results of the research mirror exactly that of the population. This implies that a for every confidence level, a huge sample size reflects a more small confidence interval. Albeit it should be noted that the relationship between them is not linear that if one would repeat the sample size, such would also make the confidence interval go up (Benz and Newman, 1998). The percentage of a particular response from the survey also is a determinant for accuracy. For instance if a particular response says 51%, therefore it implies that there is a 49% chance of the responses being erroneous. However if the response order reveal a 99% positive response versus a 1% negative response, there would be no significant difference at all (Benz and Ne wman, 1998). The population size also matters when one is studying a segment of population that is relatively small such as those from the specific hotels being studied. On the other hand, if a research would be conducting a study from a very huge population, like for instance 500,000 or more, the size of the sample a sample size that is close to that exact number does not appear to be that relevant (Benz and Newman, 1998).Reliability and Validity The studys reliability and validity go hand in hand as patterns of measurement depend on both the dependent and independent versatiles (Zikmund, 1994). Reliability primarily focuses on the versed consistency and the repeatability of the variables within the research. On the other hand, validity centers on the correctness and appropriateness of the question that one intends to measure (Ghauri et al, 1995). According to Chisnall (1997), validity is generally considered and realized through the relationship of the instrument to the content , criterion or construct that it attempts to measure. A lack of validity can lead to incorrect conclusion.Analysis of Data For the purpose of the survey, the data that will be gathered will be analyzed using the SPSS Software. SPSS (Statistical Products and Service Solutions) is a powerful, easy to use statistical package knowing in a Windows environment, which enabled researchers to tap into various options of exemplifying data (Griego and Morgan, 2000, p. 2). SPSS has been viewed as the premiere statistical software that are primarily being used to interpret quantitative research results due to its ease of use, technical support, ease of installation, scope of capabilities, user interface, graphical components, and so forth (Hilbe, 2005, p. 68).Independent and Dependent shiftingsIndependent Variable The independent variable is the causal factor that shapes or determines the dependent variable. This type of variable is subjected to arbitrary change that is necessary in order to test the results of a particular test ( waft, 1998).The independent variable for this research is the effectiveness of the Burglary Prevention Program.Dependent Variables Dependent variables are is a variable that depends on the independent variable for change. It is also known as the criterion variable (Crown, 1998).The dependent variables of the research are risk management st lay outgies employed by a particular department such as proper identification of criminal vulnerability areas, use of effective detection alarms, and employee training.Data CollectionThe researcher will collect data based on primary and secondary methods.Secondary Data Collection Ghaury et al (1995) emphasized the importance of secondary data collection most in particular through desk or library research. The review of related literature provided a scholarly perspective on the subject matter and at the same time made the researcher aware of both previous and contemporary research on the subject matter. The data collection for secondary sources will be bring up from Questia Media America, an on-line Research Library and EBSCO Host with a special emphasis on literatures from London.Primary Data Collection For the primary data collection, the researcher will be focusing on getting the data that are exactly needed for the research. With prior consideration on the objectives and the literature that will be composed by the researcher, a seven-point survey will be formulated.Surveys The primary data that the research will use will be lifted based on distributing the questionnaires and survey forms through snail mail, e-mail, telephone conversation and individual(prenominal)ised interactions. According to Ritchie & Goeldner (1994) the process of telephone interview or survey for that matter includes conversing with an interviewee through the use of a telephone, rather than do it in person. In both(prenominal) ways, it could be said that a telephone survey is more preferred than a persona l survey because it is relatively faster and could have prevented administrative problems.In addition with these, telephone surveys are relatively more cost effective and have the capacity to reach those individuals that could not be reached locally. Although this method appears to be very cost effective, it also proved to be impersonal in nature. One major rationalness is the interviewers failure to see the exact reaction of the respondents on certain questions. . On the other hand, Chisnall (1997) said that the process of placard questionnaires include the use of mailing a set of questions to a certain sample population. Such a method could be said to be also relatively cheaper and assures anonymity and confidentiality. Such a method is also preferred when the respondents for the study are located in various locations and a phone interview appears to be not possible.Also, a mailed questionnaire could allow the respondents answer to the questions at their convenience albeit, it c ould be significantly noted that it has also been perceived that there is a relatively low response rate on questionnaires. It is said by Chisnall (1977) that a 30% return of questionnaires is already relevant. In addition with this, it could be possible that the respondents might not have understood the questions in the survey form, and a discrepancy could also show in the results. Finally, similar to telephone interviews, the interviewer could also not see the body languages of the interviewee. vindication of the Selected Method For the purpose of this research, the author will be conducting a pen and paper measurement survey that was sent via e-mail, mail, and personal administered basis. The respondents need to answer question based on a Likert Type Scale which ranks responses in seven different levels Highly Agree, Agree, Somewhat Agree, Neutral, Somewhat Disagree, Disagree, Highly Disagree and Not Applicable. Whenever applicable, the questionnaires will be asked to be answered on a personal basis in order to avoid errors and discrepancy on the results. The self-administered questionnaires offered a higher response rate and are also relatively cost effective (Bryman, 1992). Foremost of its advantage rests on the notion that the process of data gathering could be more personal and also the researcher could have clarify certain notions that could be unclear on the survey form. However, one distinct disadvantage of such a method is the difficulty of administrating the survey to multiple respondents all at the same time. In addition, the self-administered data gathering could be very time consuming as well. receivable to the time constraints and the monetary concerns that the research might post, the author perceived that it would be more effective for the survey to be administered on a personal or electronic basis, such as the e-mail. Whenever applicable, questionnaires will be also mailed.Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire will be made in a manner that will come along a detailed, precise and logical construction of close-ended question. In addition with this, the questions will also be made in accordance with the hypotheses and the objectives of the research (Oppenheim, 1992). The questions will be formulated using a 7-Point Likert Type Scale and will be Close-Ended in Nature. Such is relevant so that respondents would only have to encircle the designated number of their corresponding responses (Oppenhein, 1992). In addition with this, close-ended questions are very easy to answer and could enable the researcher create a summated value that could be use for data analysis.Ethical Considerations in Research To be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practices (Bailey, 1994, p. 454). Utmost on the ethical considerations that this research will focus on is the notion of Informed Consent. Informed consent is the process wherein respondents are made fully aware of the purpose of the study, possible dangers, and also the crede ntials of the researchers. As such, in doing a survey, it is often the case that there is an introductory statement that will keep an eye on the said questionnaire.The aforementioned are relevant in order to pull in individuals to participate in a study in a voluntary manner. For the purpose of the study, the researcher will be providing the respondents with an introductory statement that will accompany their questionnaire. After reading such, the probable respondents will decide if they wanted to participate in the study or not. This is very important in order to prevent duress and probable respondents would participate in the study on their own free will. It has also been pointed out by Bailey (1994) that sampling could also pose some issues in research as they could have pose privacy issues. It could be the case that on the course of primary data gathering upon 120 respondents in various police departments, and the respondents felt that there are a number of questions that appe ars to be invading their privacy, then it could be the case that such an issue could pose a problem in terms of not only the ethical considerations among the respondents but also the validity of the data to gathered as respondents may not choose to answer truthfully such an answer.In the nature of this research, the issue would be a matter of program effectiveness on burglary security. As such, the research would be cautious to questions that would require respondents to reveal personal information and also specific experiences that could place the respondent in a disposition of inconvenience. As such it is also then part of the proposed methodology for the study , the anonymity of the respondents. The responses of the participants will be kept confidential and will only be used for the purpose of the study.ReferencesAaker, D. A. and Day G. S. 1990. Marketing Research, 4ed. Singapore John Wiley &Sons.Bailey K. 1994, Methods of Social Research. New York, New York The Free Press.Benz C. and Newman I, 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research MethodologyExploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale, IL Southern Illinois University Press.Chisnall P. M., 1997. Marketing Research, 5ed., Berkshire McGraw-Hill.Crown W. 1998. Statistical Models for the Social and Behavioral SciencesMultiple Regression and Limited-Dependent Variable Models. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers.Ghauri, P., Gronhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I., 1995. Research Methods In BusinessGriego O. and Morgan G. (2000). SPSS for Windows An Introduction to Use andInterpretation in Research. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Studies A Practical Guide. Great Britain Prentice Hall.Hilbe J. , 2005. A Review of SPSS 12.01, Part 2. The American Statistician 58 (2), pp.Oppenhein, A. N,, 1992. Questionnaire Design Interviewing and Attitude Measurement.London Pinter.Ritchie B. and Goeldner C. R., 1994. Travel, Tourism and Hotel Researcher. NewYork Wiley and Sons, Inc.Zikmund, G. W., 1994. Exploring Marketing Re search. Dryden

Early Identification of Gifted Children Essay

intellectual children are special children that need to be given the right command and attention. They are usually categorized on their susceptibility to do and produce. Huang (2008) wrote an article on the necessity of appointing them at the earliest time possible in order to nurture, cultivate, and lead them to a successful life. The article is authorize Early Identification Cultivating Success for Young intelligent. In its abstract it stated that earlyish identification and cultivating dexterous preschoolers provides appropriate education for young children (Huang, 2008).The kind of education that essential be provided to learners must indeed depend on their capacity to learn and understand the concepts and the skills. It is difficult to impose concepts and to require mental and physical exercises beyond the capacity of the children. However, it is also equally frustrating for children of higher capacity to do lesser tasks when they have higher level of comprehension and performance. It is important therefore that parents must be able to assess the capacity of their children.It is imperative that parent must be able to detect that their children are not the usual children who seat intimately cope up with the environment and variant situations as they expect them to be. The question however, would be the capacity of the parents and family members to identify the giftedness of their children. Parents could not waste time. The earlier time they can identify that there children are gifted, the greater the chances of leading their children to a fuller and happier life. This is what umpteen different researchers have stressed on child giftednessThere is no more crucial period in human development that childhood for maximizing the potential of gifted preschoolers (Odorn, Hanson, Blackman & Kaul, 2003 as cited by Huang, 2008). There are many ways in which child giftedness may be identified at an earlier stage. In Huangs study where he utilized earlier researches and studies and reviewed relevant documents, he pointed out that early identification that were used in the 21st century were simple activities such as arranging of puzzles, building of blocks, and figuring of voice communication on the back of cereal boxes.Huang investigated on the effectiveness of the implementation and the service treatment in three (3) phases (1) integrating the rationale of a development musical arrangement of products (2) analyzing service support and coordination and service approach about service treatment and benefits and (3) outlining the future perspective. What Huang tried to establish in his study were also seen by other researchers such as Silverman (2007) who along with other researchers studies the development of gifted children.The following are some of the highlights in the study of Silver man that supports the thesis of Huangs study (1) parents are excellent identifiers of giftedness of their children (2) giftedness can be observed in the first three years (3) when parents fail to recognize giftedness of children, teacher most probable do the same (4) ideal age for testing is between five and eight (5) second children are most same(p)ly gifted than firstborn children (6) gifted children have different coping mechanisms and are likely to face problems (7) they are asynchronous with uneven developments (8) they have better social adjustment in classes with children like them (9) traits such perfectionism, sensitivity, and intensity are associated with them (10) most of them are introvert (11) they have learning disabilities and (12) giftedness cuts across all social groups (Silverman, 2007).The concept of Huang who stressed the need to identify giftedness was confirmed by Elhoweris (2008) who also explained what Silverman and her fellows found out in their years of practice. Elhoweris also pointed out that the gifted children are neglected in terms of educational and development programs One of the most serious problems plaguing in the field of gifted education is the need for the development of appropriate programs and identification procedures for gifted and talented students from different culturally and diverse backgrounds (Ford & Harris, 1991 Maker, 1996 as cited by Elhoweris, 2008). There is so much about child giftedness.Parent and teachers and the whole society must be civilize together in order to draw a better program that would bring out the best from the gifted children. Huang in his abstract of the study states The experiences of early intervention in education can powerfully impact on attitudes toward learning confidence and later achievements for all children. The optimal development for gifted pre-school with exclusive special needs can be enhanced with intervention at early age (Huang, 2008). Parents and teachers then must be gentle and patient with their children and go steady every time and effort to identify the condition of their children or their students.The chanc e for the gifted children to succeed lies with the commitment of the parents and the educators.ReferencesAbout. com. (1999). Young gifted children. GABC Newsletter. 1(1) 1 Retrieved October 5, 2008, from http//giftedkids. about. com/gi/ high-octane/offsite. htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn= giftedkids&cdn=parenting&tm=221&gps=101_1013_796_713&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www3. telus. net/giftedcanada/erlychild. pdf Elhoweris, H. (2008). Teacher judgment in identifying gifted/talented students. Multicultural Education. Retrieved, October 5, 2008 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3935/is_/ai_n25500441 Goliath. com. (2008). Considerations for conducting culturally responsive research in gifted education, Gifted Child Today.Retrieved October 5, 2008 from http//goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-8043736/Considerations-for-conducting-culturally-responsive. html Goliath. Com (2006). Closing the achievement gap How gifted education can help, Gifted Child. Retrieved, October 5, 2008 from http//goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-5841295/Closing-the-achievement-gap-how. html Huang, Y. H. (2008). Early identification Cultivating success for young gifted children, Gifted Education International 24 (1) 118-124. Silverman, L. (2007). What we have learned about gifted children, Gifted Development Center. Retrieved October 5, 2008 from http//www. gifteddevelopment. com/ What_is_Gifted/learned. htm

Reflection on Global Operation Management Essay

Pietra Rivoli who is an associate professor in the Georgetown University, specializes in finance and mixer issues, and is the author of the book, The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy. The main reason which instigated Rivoli to write this book, was a speech a student had give awayn at the Georgetown University, the student was severely criticizing globalization, and asking about who do the T-shirts they were wearing. She told some facts about child labor in India and Vietnam, which made e very(prenominal)body, sit up and think, including Rivoli.Rivoli then starts on a journey to remark out some interesting facts about the origin of the T-shirt. Her case field of study starts in Texas at the home of Nelson Reinch, who produces enough cotton for more than 1.3 million T-shirts. Reinch and his colleagues control the unit piece market of cotton, through hard work, determination, modern technology and much needed discounts from the government activity. Reinch was no where i n similarity to the measly farmers in India and Africa, who did not have worthy funds or government decl atomic number 18 in marketing their goods.Rivolis next stop was China, were she met a young woman Yuang Zhi, who spun the yarn for the fabric and sewn the shirt. This young lady worked for 50 hours a week, and earned nearly $150 per month. This womans on the job(p) conditions were far better than the conditions in which women had to work previously in Manchester and England. This was probably the womans introductory encounter with independence and identity, which came in the form a paycheck, even though it was a small amount. The well-nigh important point which was very surprising was that, throughout the world there must be millions of pile who manufacture cotton, but the manufacturers from Texas were totally dominating the cotton industry, because of their shrewd manner by which they manage to empty competition. These manufacturers manage to control the market by avoi ding the labor market, which make the other(a) manufacturers unable to compete with them due to no government and political assistance, lack of proper education and money. People who support globalization reprobation by the assuage trade of clothes, as it can be used to the advantage of the poorer countries.Rivoli was surprised to find that how recycled clothes from the USA were a rage in Tanzania. Used clothes from America get merchandise in huge quantities to Tanzania. Tanzania is a small country which was slowly proceeding towards a more resistant capitalist system from the socialist model. People are able to freely take part in the daily auctions of the clothes at the market place, and merchants are also making a mark for themselves in the cutthroat markets as consumers or retailers. Rivoli feels that free trade should be encouraged without any government or political interference in the markets.According to the author, United States is on the top of the market whereas Af rica is at the backside she feels that USA will have a better chance to make progress economically if they give a reasonable chance of competition to other poorer countries. Tanzania is a proper example of how a free market should work, and these markets are extremely professional, but do not get acknowledged, because of the low capital raised(a) through such markets, which is not significant.Two of the most important principles which need to be followed are that, government and political interference should not be there in any market. Another point is that the aid which US government gives the cotton manufacturers is indirectly harming other poorer countries. Rich people are becoming wealthier and the poor are becoming poorer. If the subsidies are reduced, the price of cotton can be increased, which would be beneficial to other poorer markets. Another important point which is a shock is that the clothes that people donate, are not minded(p) away freely to poor people, but are s old to middlemen for huge profits, which later land in the streets of the Tanzania marketplace.Some of the most important principles which can be followed by other industries also are that free market in any trade should be encouraged, and people should have the power to voice their demands, convey a free democracy should be prevalent to achieve a fruitful society. Government should support free trade in any industry, and should provide the necessary platform in the form of proper education and capital to help the markets grow. Some of the other reasons for the trouble that African industries are facing are the lack of proper authority, which is due to no proper education, corruption and insecurity.The author Rivoli made a very good job of the book, she was successful in exposing the secrets and complications of the cotton trade globally. Her views on free trade and panoptic democracy are very interesting, and should be followed by the authorities of the poorer countries for a bet ter society. On the whole she succeeded in voicing her thoughts and opinions on the recycle market in Tanzania, and hopefully, their government will provide a strong platform for such global trades.ReferencesKris Hundley, What a T-shirt Teaches Series., St Petersburg Times, 4 October 2007, .Lauren Dorsey, Lauren Barbieri, Zack Thomas, The Travelers of a jersey in the Global Economy, by Pietra Rivoli, 4 October 2007,.