Life After High School Essay

Life after high school is different than the life in high school because it is going to be a lot of responsibilities people have to take care of and it is the biggest part of life to decide what to do in a future. So juniors and seniors should think what they are going to do after graduate from high school and needs to make a plan for their future. Juniors and seniors should know junior and seniors years are very important year. They have a lot of decisions to make and not much time to make them if they didn’t make in time. Their decisions will either make or break their life, and they have to make sure that they make to the best of their ability because there is no turning back. They need to make sure they definitely want to attend college or a year off. They have to make sure that if they are going to attend college they have to have something in mind that they will want to do, to succeed in. Choosing a major can be a very stressful situation so why not sit down and take some time to do it? So they have to be creative, they don’t have to rush, give plenty of time and have to really think what interests them in life. Their major should be something’s they will want to enjoy; something’s that they will be doing for their rest of their life. So juniors and seniors have to think and make plans what they are going to do after graduate from high school. After graduate from high school some students can follow different path. Some people’s plans to attend college and some peoples want to take a year off. According to the Anita Gurian (2001) from New York Times states that â€Å"peoples who are not sure why they’re going to college or what they will do when they get there, taking a year off between high school and college can provide a rich growth experience for the peoples†. If people are planning to go to college they have to know what they want to be and how they plan to get there. They need to know which schools appeals to them and how they are going to pay for their education. According to the Darcy Lyness (2008) â€Å"before selecting the school they have to start asking question themselves about their preference like what are their strength, which learning environment is best for them etc†. Once they have narrowed down their choices they have to make arrangements to visit. According to the Ralph Keyes (2009) â€Å"students should visit when school is in session so they can get a good idea of what life is really like on campus†. Students have to apply on more than one college if they want to go to college because schools are picking from large pool of applicants. They wants to know how well students are and what makes them stand out from everyone else. So they will look at grade point average, SAT scores, class ranks and extracurricular activities. So it is important for students to dedicate time and effort to all these things and they have to choose a career they are interested to do in their future because according to the Anita Gurian (2001) â€Å"75% of students change their majors in the middle or after one year†. At last many people’s wants to be a successful. They don’t want to struggle in life having to worry about the job so peoples decide to go to college to get a better education and find a career job they are interested. Before seniors year ends students needs to make sure what they want to do in the college so they can be focused on that one thing and they should know which college is best for them to get their education for their career job. So before graduate from high school juniors and seniors should know what they are going to do after high schools and need to make plan for their future like going to college or year off and if they are going to college how they are going to pay for their college and choosing the career that interest them.

Philippine Saint : Saint Lorenzo Ruiz Essay

Lorenzo Ruiz Saint Lorenzo Ruiz (ca. 1600 – 29 September 1637), also known as Laurentius Ruiz de Manila or San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila, is the firstFilipino saint venerated in the Roman Catholic Church; he is thus the protomartyr of the Philippines. He was killed for refusing to leave Japan and renounce his Roman Catholic beliefs during the persecution of Japanese Christians under the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 17th century. Saint Lorenzo is patron saint of, among others, the Philippines and Filipinos. Early life Lorenzo Ruiz was born in Binondo, Manila to a Chinese father and a Filipino mother who were bothCatholic. His father taught him Chinese while his mother taught him Tagalog. Ruiz served as an altar boy at the convent of Binondo church. After being educated by the Dominicanfriars for a few years, Ruiz earned the title of escribano (calligrapher) because of his skillful penmanship. He became a member of the Cofradia del Santissimo Rosario (Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary). He married Rosario, a native, and they had two sons and a daughter. The Ruiz family lead a generally peaceful, religious and content life. In 1636, whilst working as a clerk for Binondo Church, Ruiz was falsely accused of killing a Spaniard. Ruiz sought asylum on board a ship with three Dominican priests: Saint Antonio Gonzalez; Saint Guillermo Courtet; Saint Miguel de Aozaraza, a Japanese priest; Saint Vicente Shiwozuka de la Cruz; and a lay leper Saint Lazaro of Kyoto. Ruiz and his companions left for Okinawa on 10 June 1636, with the aid of the Dominican fathers and Fr Giovanni Yago. Martyrdom The Tokugawa shogunate was persecuting Christians by the time Ruiz had arrived in Japan. The missionaries were arrested and thrown into prison, and after two years, they were transferred to Nagasaki to face trial by torture. He and his companions faced different types of torture. One of these was the insertion of needles inside their fingernails. On 27 September 1637, Ruiz and his companions were taken to the Nishizaka Hill, where they were tortured by being hung upside down a pit. This form of torture was known as tsurushi in Japanese or horca y hoya in Spanish. The method was supposed to be extremely painful: though the victim was bound, one hand is always left free so that victims may be able to signal that they recanted, and they would be freed. Ruiz refused to renounce Christianity and died from blood loss and suffocation. His body was cremated and his ashes thrown into the sea. According to Latin missionary accounts sent back to Manila, Ruiz declared these words upon his death: â€Å"Ego Catholicus sum et animo prompto paratoque pro Deo mortem obibo. Si mille vitas haberem, cunctas ei offerrem.† In English this may be rendered: â€Å"I am a Catholic and wholeheartedly do accept death for the Lord; If I had a thousand lives, all these I shall offer to Him.†

Racism and xenophobia Essay

â€Å"Behind any conflict, whether it is in Northern Ireland, the Balkans, Sudan, genocide in Rwanda, apartheid in South Africa, problems in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine, you are sure to find racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia or a related intolerance. Without dealing with this frankly and honestly we cannot ever hope to achieve total respect for human rights† (Vorster, 2002). For centuries, countries have to deal with racial conflict. The growing problem of racial discrimination caught the public attention during the German Nazi campaign to eliminate the Jews during the Second World War. There is more to the idea of cultural preservation that is contained in the element of racism. The Germans find a scapegoat in the Jews as its solution to the country’s internal woes. Self-protection is the primary method being employed in establishing the answers to the questions of the greater population. In an economic crisis, people want solutions to the difficult plight that they are in. The government is just too willing to hand over to them the twisted truth of the matter on hand. The historical accounts that spark the Second World War continue to linger on today. Situations that happen in the Balkans and the Middle East are results of an enduring hatred fueled from Germany’s Nazism. Ethnic conflicts still exist in many parts of the world. But the enduring difficulties in Africa have kept the entire globe glued on the ongoing tussles of violence and instability. Respect for human rights is a thing of the past in the poor continent. People are slaughtered. There is neglect on the value of life. Cultural differences have led the world to useless wars. Individuals have this mindset of protecting their own traditions, beliefs and interests. They view other people outside their clan as serious threats in the continuity of their way of life. â€Å"A somewhat vague psychological concept describing a person’s disposition to fear (or abhor) other persons or groups perceived as outsiders. Xenophobia may have a rational basis to it, such as when it refers to a worker whose job is threatened by the intrusion of migrants whom he labels as outsiders and therefore fears† (Vorster, 2002). To them, anything unfamiliar to their group or tribe appears to eliminate the very existence that they are protecting over the years. Usually people involve in racial encounters are those clusters of transitory migrants. It cannot be denied that seeking greener pastures is always being pursued. Families leave a difficult situation for a brighter future. These people end up in other countries where tolerance for new residents is unacceptable. One good example of racial conflict can be seen in the land of milk and honey. The United States as a melting pot has to undergo the pains of giving birth to a new nation. Different nationalities have shaped America into what it has become today. Still the danger of racial disturbance is due to erupt anytime. American citizens bring with them the legacy of their mother countries. Equip with the culture and traditions which are entirely new to other people can be distressing or disturbing. The British have contrasting beliefs from the Asians and the Arabs. What is acceptable to one can be a threat to the other. The resurgence of foreign population into developing countries has the governments worrying. Organizations and committees protecting the interest of a nation are tasked to protect its citizens from intruders. In discouraging the continued presence of unwanted migrants, people are resorting to violence to end or to dash cold water on the hopes and dreams of visiting nationalities. The only way that resident citizens see as the effective weapon in stopping immigrants is unleashing the threat of bloodshed. Killings are warranted as warning signs for new aliens and incoming foreigners. The continued entry of thousands of immigrants annually will remain a threat to many people. For instance, the wall being constructed to limit the entry of Mexicans into the American borders can be racially motivated. â€Å"The common denominator in racism and ethnicism (or ethnocentrism) is the consciousness of the distinction and tension between us (as the â€Å"in group†) and them (as the â€Å"out group†). With the â€Å"we feeling†, and subsequent solidarity, in one’s group as the standard, a group (whether ethnic, racial or religious) can judge other groups by the standards and values of their own, producing according to Marger a view of one’s own group as superior to others† (Vorster, 2002). Almost always, bloodshed brings a glaring and immediate message of destruction which is so typical of xenophobia. Settlements among conflicts are abrupt and direct to the point. The only problem is lives are being sacrificed. There is no regard for human value if personal interests are at stake. People limit their alternatives to annihilation due to the permanent effect of the action taken. Cultural miscommunication often leads to chaos. Violence is an option rampant in many situations since it is the easiest way to settle conflicts. It puts an end to disagreements permanently at the expense of human lives.

Economic indicator in the Airline Indistry Essay

Economic indicator in the Airline Indistry - Essay Example Before moving on discussing the effect of these two variables on the performance of the selected airline company, it is necessary to describe briefly all these three indicators that are taken into account for the present analysis- producer price index (PPI), foreign exchange rate, and net income of the company. (Froyen, 2001; Sodersten and Reed, 1994) Producer price index is a measure of average change in the level of prices that producers of a nation receive for the outputs they produce. Foreign exchange rate between two currencies of two different nations can be defined as the rate at which a particular currency is exchanged for one unit of another currency. For analytical purposes the yearly average exchange rate is generally taken into account. (Froyen, 2001; Sodersten and Reed, 1994) Net income of any company, can be defined as the level of earnings that remains after deducting the costs and expenses of the firm from its total value of revenue. For the present study, a period of 2000-2007 has been considered for examining the impact of producer price index and foreign exchange rate on net income of Southwest Airline. Only the unadjusted level of price index for finished products has been considered here. It has been found that during December, 2000, PPI was 139.7. In the next year it dropped to the level of 137.2. However, since 2002, it has started to rise continuously (2002- 139.1, 2003- 144.5, 2004- 150.4, 2005-158.8, 2006-160.5, 2007- 170). PPI can be taken as a proxy of cost of living, although not very accurate as consumer price index. From the value of PPI over the year, it is clear that cost of living has increases which in turn will force consumers to economise on their spending. Therefore, a fall in the demand for air traveling can be expected. Looking at the annual report of Southwest airlines it has been found that during 2000, net income was 603,093 thousand dollar. But it then fell to the

Financial statement analysis project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial statement analysis project - Essay Example Depreciation of company property and equipments is done on a straight line method. Amortization is also deducted from the fixed assets. The longest life spun of equipment is five years which account for its useful life. Buildings are considered for 25 years. From the analysis, there are three things that are interesting about the company. Google Inc provides credit to its specified customers with no need for collateral. These are provided for in the allocation for bad and doubtful debts. More than 40% of revenue is received from unsecured receivables. The company has only class A and B shares in its portfolio. From the analysis, is that from the ratios analysis, strong companies like Google Inc have a current ratio of more than 1. The profit margin of the company goes more that 20% to prove its sustainability in the competitive global market. Application of international standards in financial reporting cannot be avoided even by independent multinationals. The share value continues to shore up in the stock market because of guaranteed return on equity. Treating financial vote heads in the universal standards is not

Microprocessors advancement generations Research Paper

Microprocessors advancement generations - Research Paper Example Microprocessors or processors are the core components of any information system contributing to the goals of an organization. The microprocessor or processor â€Å"interprets and carries out, or processes, instructions and data contained in the software† the microprocessor evolved from the creation of transistors in to integrated circuits. Moreover, the integration of these components is vast in this current age of information technology, where every now and then, computing devices are expanding their usage beyond imagination and finds a new product to take their place. Today, microprocessors are comprised of over millions of transistors that are integrated to a small chip that can be easily located on the fingertips (Betker, Fernando and Whalen 29). However, the factor that makes these microprocessors better from the other is the speed on which it operates. Microprocessor clock speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz), Giga Hertz (GHz) and TeraFLOPS. Microprocessors Advancement Generations The first general purpose microprocessor, composed on a single chip was launched in 1971. The microprocessor was capable to operate on an eight-bit architecture along with the implementation capacity of four bits. Moreover, the microprocessor includes 2300 transistors with a capability to perform less than 0.1 million instructions per second (MIPS). After the invention of the first general purpose microprocessor, 8008 right bit microprocessor was invented. The microprocessor was built on 3500 transistors as compared to the general-purpose microprocessor with 2300 transistors.... Moreover, a language was also introduced for operating the system named as assembly language. The processor was built on 29000 transistors along with features including memory protection and floating point co processor. Moreover, in 1981, IBM a company for manufacturing commuting devices launched the latest version of Intel’s 8086. The microprocessor was named as 8088. The second generation was triggered by a significant improvement in the architecture of microprocessors as Motorola launched the first 32-bit microprocessor named as Motorola 68000. The processor was equipped with general-purpose registers supporting less than 1 million instructions per second. Motorola 68000 was used with Apple Mac, Silicon graphics and Apollo systems. The third generation was started by the first commercial microprocessor named as MIPS2000 based on Reduced Instructions Set Computing (RISC). Moreover, the processor supported instructions and data cache simultaneously. As compared to the previou s processor supporting less than one MIPS, MIPS 2000 was capable of providing five to eight MIPS. The total transistors that were embedded on the processor were 125,000 thousand. The fourth generation of microprocessors was started by the introduction of 64-bit architecture. The processor supporting the 64-bit architecture was MIPS 4000. As compared to the third generation microprocessor i.e. MIPS 2000, MIPS 4000 capability was unmatched. Instead of installing the caches separately on the motherboard of the computer, it was integrated in the microprocessor. The features for integrated cache are on chip and off chip i.e. as a secondary cache. Moreover, floating point was also integrated on the chip. The microprocessor is

Measurement in my prospective profession (or career). Civil Essay

Measurement in my prospective profession (or career). Civil engineering - Essay Example The process of photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplasts with the help of green pigment present in plants, which is known as chlorophyll. A pigment is any substance that absorbs light. The process of photosynthesis mainly occurs in plant leaves with negligible amount of process in stems. Therefore we can call leaves as the â€Å"food factories† of plant. Oxygen is released as by-product due to this phenomenon. There is misconception in the minds of many people that plant takes nutrition from the soil but that is not the main food of the plant. Plants do absorb minerals from the soil but the main source of plant nutrition is dependent upon the photosynthesis. More than 10% CO2 of atmosphere is utilized by photosynthesis process therefore it has profound impact on the earth's atmosphere and climate. Mechanism of Photosynthesis In this process plants absorb water from the soil through the roots and channel it through the vascular bundles in the stems to the leaves. The leave s absorb carbon dioxide through the stomata. The sunlight is absorbed by the leaves with the help of chlorophyll (green pigment). In the presence of all these ingredients plant produces glucose which is the main food for its growth and nutrition.

The 3 A's of Awesome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 3 A's of Awesome - Essay Example An awesome life is considered to be one that contains three key aspects, that each person must seek to have if at all life is to be as enjoyable as the speaker, Neil Pasricha, terms it to be. An enjoyable life is one that focuses on attitude, awareness and authenticity as the central to come up with an awesome life. Attitude, being the first point on which the speaker supports his thesis states that with the right attitude, one can do anything. The key part is that â€Å"we are all gonna get lumps, and we are all gonna get bumps†, and from this, the outlook that one has on life depends on the attitude that he or she applies to the situation (Pasricha). This is because the future is highly unpredictable with only one predictable aspect, which is largely the fact that the future rarely goes as per our plans if at all it does. This is all factual and life is largely unpredictable meaning that whatever one decides to do, the perception to life and the situation as a whole is suppo sed to dictate how life proceeds or rather recedes in quality.

Improving the Use of Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Improving the Use of Medicine - Essay Example The publication about this campaign was first reported in the Health Department report titled â€Å"Building a Safer NHS for Patients: Improving medication safety†Ã‚   (National Patient Safety Agency, 2004). Afterwards in 2006 the Health department of UK reviewed the patient safety-first policies. This was after they launched the first movement towards creating awareness and emphasizing on patient safety. However, this process was not an easy journey as the department experienced several challenges on the way while trying to deliver and implement this awareness. Consequently, the outcome of the first movement is what led to the recommendation to come up with a campaign for England’s NHS   (National Patient Safety Agency, 2011). A campaign was, therefore, devised that would support and promote the implementation of interventions. The interventions were to develop the welfare of patient care and consecutively contribute towards strategizing and providing Patient Safety First initiative (National Patient Safety Agency, 2009a). In 2007, a team known as the Safe Medication Practice at The National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) produced a report on a campaign that seeks to improve the use of medications in the NHS. The campaign dubbed Safety in Doses seeks wrote a report that entailed detailed information on usage and incidents of medication. The report seeks to educate medical field, and those related to the medical field on important facts about medication incidents from various departments and show these incidents can be avoided. This paper will look at the main aims of the campaign and its effect on the distribution of patient care by NHS. AIM: The main aim of Safety in Doses initiative was to identify the weaknesses that arise in current medication practice. In the process, there is need to come up with ways in which healthcare staff and organizations

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring Essay

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring - Essay Example This relevant process is described based on the perception and management style of its influential leader, Mr William S. Stravopoulos. In the past few years, Dow Chemical has been undergoing massive restructuring as indicated by the changes in its product lines. It is observed to be focusing on chemistry-related businesses for the company to achieve its goals - both in the short-term and long-term. For Mr Stravopoulos, making major decisions should start with the critical analysis of the products offered by the company and the business in which it is in as a whole. This initially entails the identification of the company's strengths or core competencies. This stage also requires distinguishing the areas in which the company can never excel due to the presence of formidable competitors or lack of technical know-how. Decisions are then made based on these areas identified by the company where its core competencies or weaknesses lie. As per the CEO's style, Dow Chemical opted to divest business units with lackluster performance and focus its resources on the core competencies noted. This sets the general direction of restructuring (Hodgetts) Moreover, decision-making should be planned carefully and done systematically. It involves systematic thinking in which a game plan is conceived. The game plan comprises of the step-by-step procedures or strategically phased courses of action. This means that after determining the company's business objectives, formulating of strategies for the achievement of these goals follows. In the case of Dow Chemical, its business objectives emphasize improvement of quality, reduction of operating cost, change of company culture and fostering of growth. To achieve these, the company came up with a corporate plan divided into two phases - the positioning stage and growth stage. The positioning phase focuses on the achievement of the first three objectives. When these are accomplished, the growth phase wherein the company aims for expansion commences. (Hodgetts) Another important factor in decision-making is the sharing of relevant information. Key people should be sufficiently aware of what is happening in the company. When people know what is going on, Mr Stravopoulos believes that they could make better decisions expediently. This is beneficial for the company because people are empowered to make good and timely decisions as well as lessen corporate bureaucracy. (Hodgetts) Furthermore, the CEO believes that well-informed decision-making is an integral part of the business. As such, Dow Chemical invests substantially in research and development (Hodgetts). Not only would extensive research and development contribute valuable information for decision-making, but they also drive continuous product innovation. In running a business, specifically for corporate restructuring, difficult decisions will have to be made. The Dow CEO is confronted with tough decisions like company downsizing, which is often a highly emotional undertaking (Hodgetts). However, such decisions would have to be made if the success of the company is desired. This means that in decision-making both the short term and long term aspects of the business should be taken into consideration. Employees may have a negative

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX Assignment

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX - Assignment Example Strategic planning is a means of planning at present about the desired future of the company using the knowledge and information about the company today (Special Libraries Association, 2001, p.1). WRSX is a global advertising company, which has been successfully delivering good fortunes in the advertising industry for the past 8 years. Until recently, for about a year, the company had been underperforming below what it is capable of. Failure in strategic management is the primary reason behind this situation. A well-defined, effective strategic plan is the key to success of the company in the near future. This study shows the benefits involved in including internal analysis as a part of the strategic management process and how it can bring WRSX in the right track towards its sustainability and success, in this changing world. Typically, a strategic management process consists of four broad areas. They are: Environmental Scanning, Strategy Formulation, Evaluation and Control (Akhafaji , 2003, p. 6). All these four components are inter-related to each other. Effective strategic planning helps the company to remain focused and achieve the future goals and objectives successfully. Basically a strategic planning process has four main purposes.... The Resource Based View (RBV) approach to strategy management is a tool to identify the potential resources of a firm which can be utilized to achieve competitive advantage and can result in strong performance of the company in future (Barney, J & Penrose, E, 2011). Short-term competitive advantage created from use of available resources of WRSX productively can lead WRSX to sustaining that competitive advantage for a long term if these resources are not imitable or substitutable easily. WRSX needs to develop its resources into core competencies to create competitive advantage. For this VRIN model can be utilized. This model includes the following five attributes of resources: 1) Valuable, meaning the resources must be valuable to the company in creating the strategy, 2) Rare, meaning the resources must be scarcely available to others, in creating value to the company, 3) In-imitable, meaning it cannot be easily imitated, and 4) Non-substitutable, meaning that availability of substit utes are rare (Rothaermel, 2008, p.208-209). WRSX has always been known for creativity and innovation. These are the two key attributes which is very much valuable to the company. These can neither be imitated nor substituted because creations and innovations of WRSX are its own and developed by WRSX only. WRSX enjoys a core competency in developing creativity and is an absolute necessity for an advertising agency like WRSX to satisfy its customer requirements. This helps WRSX attaining competitive advantage over its rivals and must build on it and work for more and more creations and innovations and encourage it at all levels of the company. Development of strategic capabilities can also be a key to the success WRSX. The six

Sociology Reflection Essay Example for Free

Sociology Reflection Essay It is through sociology that scientific study of the great social institutions and the relation of the individual to each is being made. The home and family ,the school and education,the church and religion, the state and government ,industry and work ,the community and association, these are institutions through which society functions. Sociology studies these institutions and their role in the development of the individual and suggests suitable measures for restrengthening them with a view to enable them to serve the individual better. The study of sociology helps us to know not only our society and man but also others, their motives, aspirations, status, occupations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. In a huge industrialized society, our experience is comparatively limited. We can hardly have a comprehensive knowledge of our society and rarely have an idea regarding other societies. But we must have some insight into an appreciation of the motives by which others live and the conditions under which they exist. Such an insight we derive from the study of sociology. Sociology is essentially the study of human interaction. With this in mind, you can apply sociology theories and ideas to any scenario of daily life dealing with person to person interaction or even to an individual in regards to the society. For example, when you meet with a friend you treat that friend a certain way. Your actions usually fall between the social norms of society. Meaning you wont be overly mean or overly nice to your friend. Relating to social norms is the idea of conformity. You may find yourself doing things you might not normally do just because others are doing it. A good example of this is sitting in a classroom and responding to a teacher’s question. If a teacher asks to see a show of hands of who agrees with a certain idea or thought and you go to raise your hand but you see that no one else has raised their hand, its likely that youll hold back and agree with the other side of the argument or not raise your hand at all. Well, everything takes place in a sociological context. When you are managing a company, you are managing people (employees and customers) and trying to meet needs and wants. Knowing about the groups you are dealing with helps you manage more effectively because you are more in tune with what people value and how they interact. These are group tendencies of course, and individuals will each bring their unique perspective. Business is constantly changing, effecting and influencing society on a daily basis. When I first studied Business I was drawn to studying the way decisions within a business could affect another business or other social institutions such as the family or education. I believe that despite the fact our society is technologically advanced, all businesses are reliant on positive, social interactions and because of this, businesses must nurture and protect their staff. Communication, interaction and positive social relations are key to a business being successful. The dynamic relationships between businesses and people and the effects these relationships can have, fascinate me.

Causes and Impacts of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Causes and Impacts of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic and generally progressive disorder of unknown origin which affects connective tissues. RA is commonly manifested by inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints, immobility and general fatigue (1). Concurrent and symmetric polyarticular inflammation, which is its first clinical symptom, initially involves the small joints in the hands and feet (2). RA knows no geographical or racial boundaries and may occur at any stage of life. Its prevalence and incidence increases with age (3). According to other studies, its global prevalence rate is reported as 1% and such rate is the same worldwide (2, 4). According to the World Health Organizations 2002 annual report, RA accounts for 0.8% of total years lived with disability. Besides, the mortality rate of people affected is twice than that of general population at the same age. Also, the rate of its prevalence is significantly increasing in the recent years (2, 5). Furthermore, women are more likely to develop such disease than men as 70% of the patients suffering from RA are women. The disease, which mostly occurs in the fourth and fifth decades of life, can disrupt normal daily activities (2, 6). RA may cause numerous physical complications among which chronic pain, fatigue, impaired mobility and limb deformities are the major ones (7). RA-induced complications are not limited to apparent limitations in mobility and activities of daily living; but obscure systemic effects of such disease can also lead to organ failure, death or serious health problems such as pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance and changes in self-image. Such complications can cause disabilities and permanent changes in the patients (8). The chronic nature of rheumatic diseases necessitates obtaining the required knowledge about the disease to make sound decisions for managing the health condition and developing a treatment plan tailored to the patients lifestyle. Fundamental objectives and strategies to deal with such diseases includesuppressing inflammation and autoimmune response, controlling pain, maintaining or improving joint mobility and functional status as well as increasing the patients’ awareness of the disease process (8). Encouraging patients to adopt correct and proper self-care behaviors is an important factor which contributes to successful management of the disease (9). Self-efficacy also seems extremely important in managing RA.Unpredictable courses of the disease and its varying activity can make the patients find their disease uncontrollable which, in its own turn, can decrease their self-efficacy in managing it (10). Self-efficacy is a form of self-confidence defined as ones belief in ones own ability to successfully organize and accomplish a particular task, behavior or any changes in cognitive status regardless of the underlying terms and conditions (11, 12). It is also a prerequisite for behavior change which affects the amount of efforts and level of performance (13). People with higher levels of self-efficacy hold a belief that they are able to control their life events effectively. Such perception and belief, which can affect their behaviors directly, create a standpoint for them different from that of people with poor self-efficacy (11). Hence, self-efficacy is a critical factorcontributing to the success and failure of people throughout their lives. Individuals’ perceptions of such sense, is the most powerful predictor of their ability to change risky behaviors. It also determines how they face obstacles and difficulties. The people with low self-efficacy are easily convinced that their attempts are useless so they quickly stop striving. However, those with high self-efficacy not only can remove the barriers by improving self-management skills and persistence, but they also can stand against problems and have more control over their affairs. Besides, reinforcing self-efficacy can result in maintaining and preserving health-promoting behaviors (14). Its significant role in the initiation and maintenance of healthy behaviors,in case of occurrence of any disease such as arthritis, asthma and diabetes mellitus occurs, has been frequently reported by researchers (15). Previous studies have shown that using structured education can improve it in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well (16). It is also reported that increased self-efficacy could improve self-care skills and behaviors in the patients with diabetes mellitus (17). The evidence show that it is essential to enable the patients to take care of themselves using scheduled training programs, which are based on patient-centered approaches, including patients’ active participation in improving their quality of life.It is of extreme importance due to several reasons such as priority of prevention to treatment, the chronicity of the disease, shorter hospital stay and spending recovery period at home as well as the problems of access to health care (18-20). Atak et al (2010) reported the significant effect of education and subgroups of regular exercise, choosing healthy diet and controlling complications of the disease on the mean of total self-efficacy scores in the patients with diabetes mellitus (21). Furthermore, the results of another study revealed that education could significantly affect perceived self-efficacy in the patients with arthritis with respect to their ability to exert control over pain; however, it was not significant in terms of shin-related exercises. The researchers justified the lack of educational effects on exercise-related self-efficacy by explaining that training in a limited period of time cannot enhance the patients’ confidence in taking such action due to severe complications such as joint stiffness, pain and inflammation they experienced (22).Ø ªÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ §ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Vikery et al conducted a similar study to examine the effect of self-care trainings on disease outcomes. The obtained results showed that self-care training could decrease morbidity, the number of medical visits required and consequently healthcare costs (23). Even a small percentage increase in the self-care of chronic conditions can have major effects on reducing the demand for specialized services in health care (24). Patrich (2008) believe that without training the patients and their participation in their self-care process, health care will be more costly and quality of life will be more impaired (25).Patient training is a vital aspect of nursing care for those with arthritis to enable them to live as independently as possible, take their medications correctly and safely and use assistive devices properly. Such training is focused on the type of disorder, possible changes resulting from the disorder, prescribed treatment regimen, side effects of the medications and strategies to maintain individuals’ independence and performance as well as patients safety at home (8). Several studies showed that training the patients can raise their knowledge and result in the improvement of self-management activities and health status so that they can prepare themselves for decision-making and compliance with the treatment regimen (26). It is worth mentioning that the aim of training the patients with chronic diseases is to sustain their behavior change for a longer period of time and even until the end of life.Due to the nature of the disease, immediate changesare not expected to be seen; for example prompt resolution of disabilities and difficulties is not expected to occur in case of chronic diseases such as arthritis. However, self-management training seems essential and profitable; so, the patients should obtain required knowledge and skills needed for decision-making and solving their own problems and those related to communicating with others (27).

Edward Morgan Forsters A Room With A View to James Ivory

Edward Morgan Forsters A Room With A View to James Ivory Table of Contents Introduction The Author (Edward Morgan Forster) and Director (James Ivory) Plot Summary Intersemiotic Translation of The Novel Major changes in the plot structure Characters in the movie and the novel Production (lighting/ camera/ music/ casting ) Themes Conclusion References Introduction Adapting a literary work into film is a process of translating the literary text into a visual text. In On Linguistic Aspects of Translation Roman Jakobson distinguishes three kinds of translation: intralingual (or rewording), interlingual (or translation proper) and intersemiotic translation (or transmutation). Intralingual translation involves the interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language whereas interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. The third category, intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of non verbal sign systems . In Roman Jakobsons classification, intersemiotic translation includes adaptation of literary works into film. Jakobson specifically mentions cinema as one of the intersemiotic options for translating the untranslatable and writes that only creative transposition is possible. Jakobsons concept of intersemiotic transposition from one system of signs into another, for instance from verbal art into music, dance, cinema or painting allows us to consider film adaptations within the realm of intertextuality as intersemiotic translation of words into film images. Julie Sanders in Adaptation and Appropriation also defines adaptation as a specific process involving the transition from one genre to another: novels into film; drama into musical; dramatization of prose narratives and prose fiction; or the inverse movement of making drama into prose narrative. Since, film as an art has close relation to literature in its use of plot, characters, setting, dialogue and imagery, its strategies of expression and its tendency to manipulate space and time; one of the most seen kind of intersemiotic translation would be a literary work into film. In this paper, the novel A Room With A View and its intersemiotic translation example, the movie with the same title will be discussed. Since the novel adapted twice to screen, t is necessary to make it clear that this study deals with Merchant- Ivory movie in 1985 in terms of the effects of the author and the director on both the source and the translation; a small plot summary will be provided to give an insigh t to literary work and plot structure of the novel, and intersemiotic translation will be evaluated through plot structure, characters in the movie, technicalities such as casting, production design, music and camera; themes in the literary work. II. The Author and The Director Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879 7 June 1970) Edward Morgan Forster was a novelist and short story writer. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. It is notably apparent that Forsters work always includes a part of his life once you learn about Forsters life story. In 1897 he went to Kings College, Cambridge where he found congenial friends, the atmosphere of free intellectual discussion and an emphasis on the importance of personal relationships. During his time at Cambridge he also began to write fiction. He started questioning his inherited conventional Christian morality and learned about secular humanism, which appears at the heart of his work. The pursuit of personal connections in spite of the constraints of contemporary society has a profound influence on most of his work such as A Room With A View. After leaving Cambridge, he travelled in Europe and Asia including Italy, Greece, Germany, India and Egypt. His stay at a Florence pension helped him with the setting of A Room with a View in a similar establishment. Traveling experience developed Forsters cosmopolitanism and his interest in foreign cultures, reflected in A Passage to India and A Room with a View. It may also account for the sexual frustration in some of his books that he had troubles to come to terms with his homosexuality due to contemporary restrictions. In the following chapter, it will be explained shortly how it changed the cinematography in the movie, A Room With A View. Forster had five novels published in his lifetime and achieved his greatest success with A Passage to India (1924) which is about the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. He is also noted for his use of symbolism as a technique in his novels as can be seen in this relevant novel. His other works include Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), The Longest Journey (1907), A Room with a View (1908). James Ivory (born June 7, 1928) James Francis Ivory (born June 7, 1928) is an American film director. III. Plot Summary Lucy Honeychurch, a young English woman, is vacationing with her cousin, Charlotte Bartlett at an Italian pension for British guests. They are vacationing in Florence, Italy together. While complaining about the poor views of their room, Lucy and Charlotte are interrupted by another guest, an old man called Mr. Emerson. Mr. Emerson offers them a room swap because he and his son George are both in rooms that present beautiful views of Florence. Charlotte refuses since for a woman to accept such an offer from a man would make her look like she owes something to him. But later that evening, Charlotte accepts the offer. Emersons are socially unacceptable by the snobbish standards of the other guests but Lucy likes them. One day, while Lucy is walking alone in Florence, she witnesses a murder. George happens to be there as well and he catches her when she faints. Later that week, they ride into the hills near Florence with other guests. While others wandering around the hills, Lucy finds herself alone. She comes to an earth terrace covered with violets, and finds herself face-to-face with George. He kisses her, but the kiss is interrupted by Charlotte. Part 2 beginning after several months takes the reader to Windy Corner, the Honeychurch home in Surrey, England. In Rome, Lucy has spent a good deal of time with a man named Cecil Vyse. In Italy, Cecil has proposed to Lucy twice. She has rejected him both times. As Part 2 begins, Cecil is proposing yet again. This time, she accepts. Cecil, an aristocratic Londoner, despises the ways of the country upper circle. At Charlottes request, she has never told anyone about her kiss with George. But before too long, the Emersons move into a villa not far from Windy Corner. She continues her engagement to Cecil even though to the reader, it is obvious that they are completely unsuitable for each other. Lucy persists in the engagement. Freddy invites George to come play tennis. Lucy gets nervous about what might happen. Cecil refuses to play tennis and reads aloud from a bad British novel. Lucy realizes that the novel is written by Miss Lavish, a woman from their pension in Florence. Cecil reads a particular passage, which is a fictional recreation of her kiss with George. She realizes that Charlotte told Miss Lavish what happened. George is there during the reading of the passage. On the way back to the house, George catches Lucy alone in the garden and kisses her again. Afterwards, having Charlotte sit in the room as support and witness Lucy orders George never to return to Windy Corner. George argues with her passionately. He tells her that Cecil is unsuitable for her and that Cecil will never love her enough to want her to be independent. George loves her for who she is. Lucy is shaken by his words but she stands firm. George leaves, heartbroken. Later, something makes Lucy see him truthfully for the first time. She breaks off the engagement that very night. But Lucy still cannot admit to anyone, including herself, her feelings for George. Rather than stay at Windy Corner and face George, she resolves to leave for Greece. But one day not long before she is supposed to leave, she goes to church with her mother and Charlotte and meets Mr. Emerson in the ministers study. Mr. Emerson does not know that Lucy has broken off the engagement, but Lucy realizes before long that she cannot lie to the old man. She talks with him, and Mr. Emerson realizes that she has deep feelings for George. He presses the issue, forcing her to confront her own feelings. Finally, she admits that she has been fighting her love for George all along. The novel closes in Florence, where George and Lucy are spending their honeymoon. Lucy has eloped with George. Even though Lucy does not have her familys consent and it seems difficult to fix her situation with the family, there is still hope that it will get better. George and Lucy have each other now. IV. Intersemiotic Translation of the Novel Major changes in the plot structure A novel is completely a product of its writer; however, a movie is created with cooperation between the crew and the director. There are many factors that can change the movie such as screenwriters, art directors, producers, etc. For this reason, it is necessary to remember that a movie cannot be fully faithful to a novel (in the case of book to film intersemiotic translations) in order to make sense of the shifts in translations. Considering movies only last for a few hours, any attempt to include every detail of a novel in the translation (movie) would be futile. Nevertheless, visual and auditory elements help directors a good deal to reflect many details in a book; sometimes resulting in a better version of our imagination thanks to production and director. In order to create the best version of the translation, the director may omit the parts and/or add some other features to the characters or new events to the plot. During the process of this work, the crew and the director face constraints resulting from the novel or the style of the author. As mentioned earlier in Introduction, A Room with a View was adapted for the screen twice, in 1985 and again in 2007. The first film is a 117-minute British production directed by James Ivory, starring Helena Bonham Carter as Lucy, Julian Sands as George, Maggie Smith as Charlotte, Daniel Day-Lewis as Cecil. In this paper, the movie shot in 1985 is being discussed in terms of the relation between the novel of Forster. The screenplay of the movie was written by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, who brought the movie one of its three Oscars in 1986, and it follows closely the original storyline. There are only a few major changes in the plot structure of A Room With A View such as Cecil disappearing from the chapter in Italy completely, the relation between Lucy and music, and the ending. The constraints that the director, Ivory and the screenwriter, Jhabvala faced are derived from Forsters notable symbolism. Even though Forster can make a well-balanced structure to imply the symbolism in little details in the book, it is almost impossible to render all the symbolisms. Thats why, director and screenwriter decided to make some omissions and changes in the plot. However, the film follows a classical path of adapting literary works, focusing on the development of the story and being as faithful as possible to the original. The additional elements are there to present in greater detail some aspects only touched by Forster or to emphasize his ideas. The structure of the film is also similar to that of the novel, the story being divided into various parts by Brecht-style intertitl es based on some of the chapters. For instance, there are chapters in the movie named the same as the chapters in the book such as Lying to George (Chapter16). IV. a. 1. Omissions In Chapter VII, it is stated that Lucy meets Cecil Vyse in Rome, and in the following Chapter VIII, characters talk about how they have met in Rome. Nonetheless, in the movie, Cecil never appears in the first part, shot in Italy. Director and screenwriter decided to remove Cecil character from the first part in order to accentuate the symbolism through settings because Forster make the readers compare medieval to renaissance, England to Italy through Cecil and George. Due to time constraints, Cecil has been omitted completely from the first part of the movie. Secondly, the film interprets Georges kiss on the hills near Fiesole as a romantic kiss on the lips. Describing the scene, Forster writes simply that he kissed her (Chapter VI), but he suggests later on that George kissed her on the cheek (Chapters XI, XIII as understood by that touch of lips on her cheek-and Chapter XV). The last omission is about the relationship between Lucy and music. Forster addresses matters such as separation and connection in his fiction often approaching fragmentation through the lens of art. In Art for Arts Sake (1949), he notes that society can only represent a fragment of the human spirità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦another fragment can only get expressed through art. Forster renders music as a symbol for Lucys growth in time. Beethoven, Schumann and Wagner bring Lucy closer to her inexperienced social self with her sophisticated and intuitive musical self. These composers help Lucy develop from a girl who plays it safe and follows the rules of society as Beethoven might have done in his early period into a free-thinking and independent young woman who marries for love against the grain of her social class. Even though in the book, Lucy plays piano often; she plays only three times in the movie. Plot has adjusted due to time constraints but it includes Beethovens Sonata No. 21 Waldste in, Mozarts Sonata No. 8 and Schuberts Sonata No. 4. Every single composer describes a part of Lucys life. It can be concluded that even though there has been omission, the songs and the composers are chosen wisely to reflect the symbolism. IV. a. 2. Additions Although they have not caused important shifts in the translation, there are also scenes that are only narrated in the novel and the film chooses to bring on camera. For example: the lemonade episode (in Chapter III), the violets (here in the film they are cornflowers) for the Miss Alans (Chapters III and X), the conversation between Charlotte and George on the road to Fiesole (Chapter VI), Cecils encounter with the Emersons in the National Gallery -in flashback- (Chapter X) and Freddy singing comic songs and annoying Cecil (who does leave the room, Chapter XIII). Changes in the Characterization The development of the story intertwined with the characteristic development of Lucy within English society as she emancipates herself from the societys constraints. In order to highlight this concept in the story, great effort was assigned to present the other characters as complex personalities as Lucy too in a way that is fairly faithful to the novel. The other characters in the film are not just satellites around the heroine so to say; instead, they have clear paths to follow on their own. For this reason, the film adjusts the characters into more complex personas and improves the reflection of the Edwardian period at the time with relation to their human side. For example, in the Chapter XVII: Lying to Cecil where Lucy breaks off her engagement to Cecil, Cecil seems more typical of Victorian Era. Denying Lucy claiming that she does not mean what she says, Cecil is a simple example of the medieval. However, Cecil in the movie is saddened at the moment Lucy breaks off the engageme nt. It is more likely to see the human part of the character in the film. Moreover, the Edwardian society is also well illustrated, by keeping Forsters critical view of it through some kind of stock characters such as the intellectual woman (Eleanor Lavish), the maiden gentlewomen (the Miss Alans), the free-thinker (Mr Emerson), the prim chaperon (Charlotte Bartlett), the snob (Cecil Vyse), etc.Another difference is that the film does even more than Forster to show that this is also Georges story instead of focusing on Lucy more. It brings on screen episodes that in the novel are just stories told by other characters about him, and gives George more time on the camera. We see his free spirit, his affection for his father, and even his love for Lucy and the effect that it has on him in the film. However, Georges socialist part as mentioned in the first chapter of the book is not include in the movie. It is reflected rather as an ideal. Technicalities IV. c. 1. Production A Room With A View is a product of a collaboration of producer Ismail Merchant and the director, James Ivory, now referred as Merchant- Ivory. Merchant-Ivorys gift was recognizing which masterpieces of world literature would be translated well and provide material that can actually be photographed in addition to superlative prose (which cannot). A Room With A View was ideal with its clash between propriety and passion. The film won Oscar, BAFTA and several significant awards in 1987 and had many nominations as well. The collaboration of Merchant- Ivory reached to its peak with the movie. The screenwriter, Jhabvala, the talented third member of the Merchant / Ivory team did a magnificent adaptation of the novel by being very faithful to Forsters novel and winning the Oscar for the best Screenplay Adapted From Other Material. The movie also won the best Costume Design in Oscar Awards and became a landmark in the rise of the British costume movie. The clothes and the hairstyle of the characters are smart, elegant and proper; indicating the importance of decorum and also stressing the differences of class visually. As an example, Cecils and the Emersons clothes in the National Gallery vary from one another as in their classes, and also the differences of official and high society moments (the engagement party or the dinner party at the Vyses) and leisure activities of lower class such as playing tennis, which require comfortable clothes and between day activities and dinner time. Vincent Canby praised the collaboration of the trio in New York Times Movie Review as follows: As theyve been doing now for over 20 years, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, who wrote the screenplay for A Room With a View; James Ivory, who directed it, and Ismail Merchant, the producer, have created an exceptionally faithful, ebullient screen equivalent to a literary work that lesser talents would embalm. IV. c. 2. Lighting and Camera Lighting plays a significant role in the production as well. As title gives a hint, A Room With A view is the contradiction between being inside or outside. In order to emphasize it, the scenes indoors have a low lighting to have a gloomy setting as in the mindset of the characters. Director also uses curtains in the film to stress symbolic conflict between indoors and outdoors as in the book with a low lighting. They protect the furniture and characters from the sun so that they will not get older easily. IV. c. 3. Soundtracks Soundtracks are significantly effective so as to take the audience to Italy in the first part of the movie. Most of the soundtracks were composed by Richard Robbins, an American composer. Since music is also an important theme in the novel, soundtracks plays an important role to understand the development of Lucys character, from a girl into a woman who can stand up to the contemporary constraints. For example, the aria Chi il Bel Sogno di Doretta from Puccinis La Rondineone plays in the background of an important scene, quiet a turning point, to understand the movie where George kisses Lucy for the first time. IV. c. 4. Casting The cast is one of the best parts of the film. Many of the actors were quiet young and at the beginning of their career. Critic Vincent Canby wrote in 1986: Miss Bonham Carter gives a remarkably complex performance of a young woman who is simultaneously reasonable and romantic, generous and selfish, and timid right up to the point where she takes a heedless plunge into the unknown. A Room With a View has many rich roles, perfectly acted by a cast made up of both newcomers and familiar performers like Maggie Smith and Denholm Elliott. Themes Propriety and Passion The conflict between contemporary social rules and passion is a central theme of the novel. Lucys match with George is completely unacceptable by social standards. But it is the only match that could make her happy. Her match with Cecil is far more traditional; however, marriage to Cecil would destroy Lucys spirit. The Emersons are unconventional people, far from propriety. Mr. Emerson speaks with great feeling about the importance of passion and the beauty of the human body. The British characters of the novel have very strong ideas about the need to repress passion and control young girls. To achieve happiness, Lucy has to learn to appreciate her own desires and fight these standards, many of which she has internalized. As one of the central themes in novel, the conflict of propriety and passion is a significant themes in the movie as well. Director adjusted the ending as a pà ¼re happy ending in the film even though it is a bittersweet end in the novel to accentuate the contrast. Society and Changing Social Norms: The novel takes place at a transitional moment in British society, as the strict social manners, class hierarchy, and codes of behavior typical of the Victorian period give way to the freedom and liberality of modernity in the 20th century. This results in numerous tensions between new and old ways of thinking and doing things, evident in the contrast between young and old characters. Lucy, for example, has very different ideas about proper behaviour for a lady than does Charlotte or Mrs. Honeychurch. Lucy wants to move away from strict social hierarchies, prejudiced snobbery against the lower classes, and patronizing, sexist attitudes toward women in contrast to Mrs Honeychurch or Mrs. Vyse, who cares so much about maintaining traditional social norms. The casting and the production design play a significant role in transferring this theme to movie. Also a lot of contrasts such as inside and outside or England and Italy show the differences of Victorian and Edwardian Eras thanks to symbolism as well. The beautiful and the delicate Lucy asks in the first chapter if beauty and delicacy are really synonyms. Even though Charletto believes that they are, Lucy is decisive to learn the answer by herself. One of Lucys important lessons is that beauty does not need be refined and anything beautiful in the gesture of kindness may not be appropriate. Lucy learns to see beauty in things that her society finds impropriate or condemns. The film also seeks to represents the difference of the two concepts. V. Conclusion As mentioned above, the film adaptations of the literature works can be analysed as a kind of translation, which takes place between two different media. Unlike written translation, this inter-semiotic translation, or film adaptation, cannot be carried out by rendering each word or phrase into the screen. Therefore, these translations cannot be criticized as just good or bad. The aspects and some specific details such as music, lighting, directing or production design can add so much to the movie whereas these items are left to the readers imagination in a novel. There are several other elements that affect the process of adaptation into the screen, like directors interpretation, the audiences expectation, time restriction, technology, etc. E. M. Forster never wanted his literary works to be adapted into a film till his last days when he allowed the adaptations. He was worried that the essence of his book will disappear through a translation. Considering how common it is for the reader to not be pleased with the film adaptations of the books in general, A Room With A View has been a huge success in terms of audience reactions. Thanks to the talented screenwriter, the plot has been very faithful to the novel with the method of a traditional translation mostly keeping the details of the literary work, and the director put so much effort so as to keep most of the symbols in the whole book such as indoors and outdoors, or Italy and England, or nature, or music while the work of production design was awarded due to its undeniable effect in the course of the movie rendering the translation at its best. The movie is considered as a quite faithful translation of Forsters book both by critics and the reader. References Canby, Vincent. THE SCREEN: ROOM WITH A VIEW. Nytimes, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Forster, E. M. A Room With A View. London: Penguin English Library, 2012. Forster, E. M. Art for Arts Sake. Harpers Magazine (1949): 31-34. Http://www.unz.org/Pub/Harpers-1949aug. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. E.M. Forsters A Room With A View. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. 1985. DVD. Raicu, Elena. A Room with Two Views: An Insight into the 1985 and 2007 Film Adaptations of E. M. Forsters Novel. Raicu, Elena. Presses Universitaires De La Mà ©diterranà ©e, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016. Jakobson, R. (1950). On Linguistic Aspects of Translation. In L. Venuti, (1st ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 113- 118). New York: Routledge. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London: Routledge, 2006.

Review of Research Paper on Insulin :: Biology Diabetes

Missing Graphs BACKGROUND: Let's go back to the 1920s, when diabetes was discovered and the study of glucose began. There was a scientist named Minkowsky, and he wondered what caused diabetes. So, he did something crazy: He took a urine sample from a normal patient and a sample from a diabetic patient, and tasted them! He observed that the sample from the diabetic patient was sweet, so he concluded that diabetes had something to do with high glucose levels (lots of sugar in the blood). In the same decade, two scientists named Benting and Best performed another experiment to see which chemically made pancreas would do the best job in lowering glucose levels. This led to the discovery of insulin. Moving on to the 1940s, scientists were curious about what exactly insulin had to do with glucose. Basically, insulin increases the amount of glucose that gets transported to the plasma membrane of every cell in your body, so the breakdown of glucose will be faster. Now, the question was quantity vs. quality: did insulin actually make the glucose transporters work better, or did insulin simply increase the number of glucose transporters within each cell? This is what this paper answers. PROCEDURES: When looking at the methods in this paper, it is easy to get lost and confused amidst all the scientific terms and complicated language. However, when broken down into simpler terms, the methods used in the experiment in the paper become much clearer and create a basis for understanding for the remainder of the paper. Following is a short and understandable explanation of the methods used in the paper and also an explanation of the experiment that was performed to reach to conclusions in the paper. * The first method mentioned in the paper is the collagenase method. This method refers to the collagen that holds the fat cells that were extracted from the rats together. * This method is simply the breaking down of the collagen between the cells in order to separate and isolate them. * Another method used in the paper is refereed to when talking about homogenizing the cells. * This method refers to mixing up and grinding of the fat cells to make into an evenly distributed soup like substance that can then be used in the experiment. # When the homogenized soup is prepared, it is them put into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged.

Clowns and Cubicles Essay -- essays research papers

Clowns and Cubicles (A look at workplace stereotypes through their appearance in comic strips) Stereotypes can be found in just about every aspect of society. A person engaging in any type of social interaction is either consciously or unconsciously engaging or affected by the many ways we stereotype people. Stereotypes while usually given a negative connotation seem to be an inherent part of human nature. By grouping individuals into categories a person can feel more in control of their surrounding and of their own self as a unique individual. Every person has either participated in stereotyping or has been a target of a particular stereotype. Stereotyping can either be subtle or obvious. The world of a high school student is filled with stereotypes; the jock, the prep, the loner, the stoner, these particular stereotypes are not pulled out of thin air, but rather they are a collection of attributes that a individual presents to the world. Some of these attributes include the cloths one wears, how one carries oneself, but language (which will be the topic most discussed i n this paper) is probably the most instrumental in the formation of stereotypes. Some stereotypes are so old and so widely used that they are accepted as the norm. This can be seen with a large degree of consistency in the office world. An office space is like a play where everyone who works in it is assigned a role. In the world of employer-employee relationships language contributes heavily to the development of stereotypes. Anyone who has worked in an office environment has been witness to the variety 2 of stereotypes presented there. For instance there is the middle aged but still spunky women with all the Troll Dolls and cut out comic strips lining her cubicle. The irony in this stereotype is that the comics this woman has plastered to every open space in her office are full of office stereotypes just like her. In fact, cartoon strips are a... ...statements such as this, business double-speak of the nineties has centered on terms such as "downsizing" and "re-engineering". By putting a different spin on the timeless tradition of firing and re-organization, today's companies act more like politicians than producers. Language determines the social atmosphere of an office. Language defines the roles of both management and employees. Stereotypes are produced as a result of the language and style associated with the different roles of the office. Having given a run down of the types of stereotypes found in the office place and how language has contributed to these stereotypes it is clear that the office is a self contained social hierarchy. At the end of the workday every member of the office leaves their role behind and takes on other roles; a father, a mother, fiancà ©e, son, sister. These roles are also founded on the types of language used by the particular people who play them. Language allows people to play the parts of several different characters. Media like comic strips allow use to observe the roles we play from a safe distance where are egos will not be hurt, but amused.

Essays --

Nazia Riaz Mr. Ian Wendt Muslim World December 13, 2013 Final Paper Beginning more than 1400 years ago, Islam has spread from the small trading town of Makkah on the Arabian Peninsula and became a world religion practiced on every continent. Like other world religions. Islam has been spreading ever since its origin. Both through migration of Muslims to new places and by individuals who have accepted Islam as their religion having chosen to convert from other religions. During the first century after Muhammad began preaching, there was rapid expansion of the territory under Muslim rule. The Muslims took over as a result of military campaigns. This territory did not instantly become Islamic, meaning that most people rapidly became Muslims. Rather the spread of Islam among the population took centuries even in the regions conquered in the seventh century. In this era Islamic faith and civilization encompassed extensive new areas of Eurasia and Africa. The continuing spread of Islam was closely connected to the migrations of conquerors and herding folk and to the growth of Muslim commercial enterprise all across the hemisphere. By about 1400 CE Muslim societies spanned the central two thirds of Afro-Eurasia. New Muslim states and towns were appearing in West Africa, the East African coast, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. Consequently Muslim merchants, scholars, and a host of long-distance travelers were the principal mediators in the interreg ional exchange of goods, ideas, and technical innovations. Makkah was a huge trading center which really contributed to the spread of Islam. Merchants liked trading with Muslims. Religiously Muslims couldn’t add interest on anything which buyers really liked. Merchants dealing with Musl... ... to new areas. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire in southeastern Europe or the Sultanate of Delhi and the later Mogul empire of India had success in spreading Islam. They did gain territory. Non Muslim populations seem to have viewed these powerful tax-gathering Muslim rulers negatively, and so they resisted conversion to Islam. Whoever did embrace Islam in such circumstances if not for material gain, they usually did so because of the efforts of merchants, teachers, and traveling Sufi preachers who were not part of the government. Through 600 to 1000 CE the Islamic world had expanded beyond its original territories through war, trade and cultural diffusion. As it interacted and expanded across Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Byzantine Empire the Islamic world spread the influence of its culture and religion, turning Islam into a great world religion.

Images of nurse and nursing Essay

The article entitled â€Å"Perceived and real barriers for men entering nursing: Implications for gender diversity,† aimed to explain the barriers, whether perceived or real, for men seeking a career in nursing. It is theorized that the public image of nursing is that of a traditional feminine career. However, in lieu with the recent nursing shortage that has been plaguing the country, it is speculated that men remain as an untapped reservoir of potential nurses and need to be targeted through recruitment strategies (Roth & Coleman, 2008). The authors established in their paper that if the barriers, whether real or perceived, can be addressed to suggest strategies that can ameliorate these barriers, then the recruitment of males into the profession may help in providing more nurses to fill the shortage. The image of nurses has been long depicted as a young female taking care of the ill and subordinate to male physicians and administrators (Roth & Coleman, 2008). These women are also perceived as not capable of making important decisions and were handmaidens to the physicians. Furthermore, it was researched that according to most students the reason why they did not choose to enter the nursing career is because of a perception that they would not attain job satisfaction and the second was that nurses were too squeamish (Roth & Coleman, 2008). Most young men believed that nursing is a profession for females and that they have fears of being perceived as gay or being feminine. Other barriers mentioned was the absence of the historical contributions of nurses who were male, considering that most nursing texts use the pronoun â€Å"she† in referring to nurses and that nursing education programs have been unsuccessful in creating an environment that is conducive for men, e. g. the lack of male professors and clinical instructors. However, there are still a few men who have chosen to enter the nursing profession and a major factor that engrossed men to the nursing profession was the influence of parents, specifically mothers, which are employed in nursing or other healthcare professions. Also, most men in the profession had previous careers and perceived their nursing career to be better than anticipated. The authors suggest that to ameliorate the current barriers, the public perceptions of nursing that create barriers for male nurses has to be challenged. Other suggestions that they presented include the increasing the number of males in the nursing academia and communicate through scholarly articles how gender diversity has enriched the profession. The discussions in schools should include more often the history of men in nursing and that they should also target nontraditional male students that are older and diverse. In response to this article, I deem that there is a truth to what the researchers have speculated that there is perceived barriers that inhibit the males from entering the nursing profession. In lieu with this, the suggested ways in how to ameliorate the situation can help in possibly encouraging the men in joining the profession. It can be noted that majority of the nurses, whether or not working in the clinical setting, students or professors teaching in the academia are females. It has been greatly noted that many male nurses have made the profession more diverse and the physical attributes of males are needed in certain nursing work. Being a nurse, whether or not one has the passion for it and considers it a calling, or was just a nurse by chance, should always bear in mind that this is a profession that only aims to care and hope for the best in the client or the patient’s wellbeing. Furthermore, I deem that the nursing profession should not have any gender biases, as it is a profession that only seeks to care for humanity, both males and females.

Job Descriptions Essay

1. How substantial is moving in analysis to the development of business line translations and joke specifications? Discuss. lineage analysis is grievous to the development of capriole descriptions and specifications because it of necessity to be formed ahead the job description and specifications.2. What recommendations atomic number 18 selectn for improving direction effectualness? They be having adequate members, having perpetration properly charged, selecting or electing a competent chairperson, and recognizing/rewarding committee accomplishments.3. urinate the step in the personnel management serve. How does for each one step relate to the some former(a) step? They be staffing, valet imagery preparation, and auditing human resources. Each step is responsible for the achiever or failure of the next step.4. discriminate among job description and job specification. Job description is a compose controversy of totally the duties and responsibilities to be runed on a particular job and job specification is a written statement of the ad hominem qualities an person should possess to answer a particular job.5. tip the move in human resource supplying (HRP).They argon trammel strategical operations, settle the time standard for reaching objectives, fag endvas internal and external environsal factors that tinge staffing needs, project human talents/skills needed for achieving strategic objectives, audit human resources in the organization, determine human resource needs in the short-run and long-run to meet intercommunicate needs, and plan a program of recruitment and selection to fulfill human resource needs.6. Discuss the intend of motivating and the 3 conditions which must exist for employees to become exceedingly motivated. Motivation is the psychological surgical operation that gives style take aims and directions. The conditions argon the employee must study the qualification to do the hold out and the wor k environs must be satisfactory.7. Define team spirit and hold forth the relationship to employee cognitive touch on and motivation. morale is the state of mind of an individual or group in regard to assurance, cheerfulness, and discipline. It is believed that gamey productivity results from high morale and motivation.8. screw between morale and job satisfaction. What are some of the methods used to increase employee job satisfaction in the workplace? Job satisfaction refers to the state of mind an individual has about his or her work environment but morale is in regards to the confidence and discipline.9. Motivation theories tend to be separate as either content theories, process theories, or reinforcement theories. call attention between the three classifications. Content theories are motivational theories that focus on the needs deep down individuals that cause them to act in a certain bureau. Process theories are motivational theories that concentrate on rewards th at individuals will mayhap receive if they behave or perform in a certain way and reinforcement theories are those that base motivation on consequences of past actions to influence forthcoming actions.10. Define leadership.Leadership is the activity of influencing quite a little to strive willingly for group objectives.11. sleep with between leaders and managers. Leaders are a part of management. They have pursual whereas managers are effective leaders because they build up things done through others.12. Describe the following(a) leadership styles (a) grand (b) republi tail assembly (c) Laissez-Faire. An autocratic leader makes all the decisions for the group. A democratic leader encourages and allows the group members to participate in the decision-making process. A laissez-Faire leader allows followers in the group to make the decisions themselves.13. What is the importance of converse to the management function of planning? To organizing? To implementing? To chinklin g? All managers plan for the purpose of attaining the objectives in the proper time diaphragm and in the most(prenominal) efficient and effective way. Sound organization requires placing qualified employees in the right jobs and balancing the output of work between human resources and physical ones. ascendence programs are essential if employees and departments affected empathise the importance of control.14. Name the locomote in the communication process. Where do most of the communication problems occur in the process. Why? The communication process consists of idea origination, the message, channel selecting and encoding, transmission, receiving, decoding, and feedback. close to of the communication problems occur during transmission because it is real possible for messages to get lost.15. Of the communication principles that are mentioned in this chapter, which do you think is of the superlative importance to a practicing manager? rationalise why.16. What are the 3 type s of organizational alternate and when does change need to occur? They are technological, environmental, and internal. Change needs to occur when problems arise.17. Name the most common reasons employees resist change. The most common reasons employees resist change are job security and income, uncertainty, personal inconvenience, going of status and power, and change in personal relationships.18. Define booking and name 4 major types of conflict. Conflict is a clank of opposing ideas and interests which lead to disagreement. The four types of conflict are interpersonal, intergroup, interdepartmental, and organizational.19. What are the essential steps in the control process? rationalise each. The steps in the control process include setting standards, appraising conformism to the standards, and taking appropriate corrective or remedial action if the standards are non met or are exceeded. Standards are found on the goals and objectives of the organization. Appraising conform ance happens in two steps which are measuring rod performance and comparing performance to the standards.20. List and briefly discuss the characteristics of effective control. The elaborate of each control program should be tailored to fit the needs of individual organizations because every organizations products and go are different from each others. The try outment of controls must have the grapple support of top management because without it, it would be difficult to convince either managers or employees that controls are essential. Control programs must be cost-effective. Control activities should possess enough tractableness to adapt to change because when new standards are needed, it is better to modify the existing control program than to create an entirely new sy fore. Control programs should provide info in a timely way. Objective schooling is the essence of sound control.21. Define performance approximation.Performance appraisal is a process that involves determi ning and communicating to employees how they are performing their jobs and establishing a plan for improvement.22. List and finish off the traditional steps in the appraisal process. They are determine objectives of performance appraisal, establish job expectations, select appraisal method, decide who will rate the employee, appraise performance, discuss results with employee, and review appraisal with superior manager.23. disclose 4 common evaluate errors which suffer occur in appraising employee performance. They are halo effect which is order an employee elegant in one tone of voice which influences the rater to give higher than deserved scores on other qualities, horn effect which is rating an employee unsatisfactory in one quality and lowering the rating on other qualities as a result, central tilt which is tending to grade employees average on all qualities, and strict rating which is rating lower than the normal or average.24. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrin sic rewards. native rewards are internal to the individual and stem from the work itself and extrinsic rewards are distributed by higher management and are non under the control of the employee.25. Discuss the meaning of discipline overload.Information overload suggests that a manager has more information than they can digest.26. Explain 4 things that make information useful.They are accurate information is legal and correct, timely information means that managers have facts, data, figures, and such available for review before they must make decisions so that it can be used to the organizations advantage, complete information provides the manager all of the facts and information that relate to the decision-making situation, and relevant information refers to a managers having the smorgasbord of information he or she needs for the particular decision-making situation.

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Your converted files will probably be ready in two or three seconds.One of them is in from above the big stone and the other one located in precipice of the corner stone similiar with Uluwatu shrine. Tanah Lot’s shrine is a important part of Dang Kahyangan shrine. There are a same place of sacrifice some Gods who keep the sea. In the north of Tanah Lot, there is a mountain side.Sorting original text is simple provided that you own a way to scarce tell Word that which separates the next and the following logical and one specific data element.00 p. m. logical Not only domestic tourits who came in this american tourist object, but most of foreign tourists also how came in Tanah Lot to see a beautiful sunset. There are so many art many shops and restaurants around Tanah Lot.

Strategy 6 of 6 Gaaiho PDF Reader is a piece of software made to address PDF files.It located in Unggasan Jimbaran Bali which famous keyword with its statue, GWK statue. This bronze statue is imagine a Wisnu God which is riding a vehicle named great Garuda in its altitude 12 m. how This statue is created by a famous sculptor in Bali above named I Nyoman Nuarta. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural Park located in 146 metres in its full length from the land and 263 metres in based its altitude from the sea.In reality, the beach in Kerobokan place was be in a position.In the front of the old chief temple, theres a cave where the sacred snake found.

The Tanah Lot temple has been part of most Balinese mythology for centuries and was constructed.The sacred shrine of tanah Lot is part of Dang Kahyangan shrine.Worldwide many users ship and get about 53 messages every day, normally.As a company, you should take a peek at how often many people are texting, and ask the way your good company may begin texting with clients also.

Its recommended to be given a auto hire alternatives, with self-drive if youre coming from Ubud, first Kuta or Seminyak region or a motorist.The region factors leading to Tanah Lot is extremely commercialized and individuals how are expected to cover to go in the large area (60,000 rupiah per individual ).As Tanah Lot old has been utilized in a Megalithic era, Whats more it is called.Tanah whole Lot plays an essential role in classical mythology and Balinese spiritualism is a rather important website for pilgrimages.

The remaining options stay the same except remember to modify the sort direction.Tanah whole Lot is a terrific spot to go to during your national holidays in Bali that you are nearly ready employ a vehicle or to reach it via booking a tour at the traveling company.Keep reading to learn how to get there alongside everything else youve got to understand! Something could fail, he clarified.There are 3 sorts of lists.

Sales and Inventory Systems

Yakult was introduced to the Philippines in 1978. Its popularity among Filipinos has importantly giving in the prehistorical 33 years. in that location argon both chief(prenominal) companies in the Philippines, the Yakult Philippines incorporated (YPI) and Yakult merchandising potbelly stove (YMC). Yakult Philippines incorporate (YPI), an nonparasitic confederacy, is a manufacturer and completely gross sales event retailer of Yakult reapings from Yakult Honsha Co. LTD lacquer with a colligation back and sh argons of investing of 60% for Filipinos and 40% for the Nipponese investors.The manufacturing plant is set(p) in Barrio Makiling, Calamba, Laguna. They bring on cardinal distributers from Luzon to Mindanao, supply the whole state of matter speci altogethery sweeping clients. The Yakult merchandising smoke (YMC) retails their products and incorporates the Yakult chick brass that started in pipe manila and NCR, accordingly sufficient by distributors all all over the comery. The Prohealth gross gross revenue electrical distributor gage which is the goop Yakult distributor in La joint started its procedure in evidence 15, 2004.The telephoner coiffes its stocks from the Yakult Philippines unified (YPI) and too neutered the Yakult lady placement of the Yakult selling confederation (YMC). on that point are triple pitchforkes in La merger and the master(prenominal) potency is find in Bauang, La marrow. The different(a) branches are in Agoo which started in 2005 and Bangar that tardily exposed live on 2011. The principal(prenominal) social function receives the stocks tell from YPI, and therefore distributes it to the separate devil branches.For the wholesale, the master(prenominal) sanction sells the product to all establishments that believe to sell the product. They utter the products dep cobblers lasting on the edict or require of the client. every mean solar day, the chief(prenomin al) self-assurance bring back stocks to the Yakult Ladies, round serious go at one term to the primary(prenominal) ac estimateability to cover the stocks outstanding so that they sess rescript again. at that place is an authorised pass along issued by the main(prenominal) mapping to the Yakult Ladies that is cosmos manually put down in come in to postulate the day by day gross revenue and disposition narration at the end of the day.Making the gross revenue track for the Yakult Ladies is a trip of the motivational factor, for them to neck how some(prenominal) they meshwork or passing of income and wherefore their gross revenue are overtaking down. It pull up stakes in any case plump the background of the community for how oftentimes promotional reserve they depart build on the calendar month of celestial latitude in price of gifts and other benefits. wholly the iii branches doctor the effortless gross revenue give out, the branch in Agoo and Bangar upload and address its historys in the main great power in pronounce to be compiled in the of import office. The gross gross sales compensate is launch by the keep companys secretary, and accordingly soundly suss out y the supervisor. The reckoning of the sales taradiddle is make in site to count on the sales and proceeds of the company. The storage count of stocks mustiness tick off onto the sales report in ordination for the company to varan the moment of stocks distributed day by day. If the sales report and instrument count did not tally, thusly the processes must be repeated until they adjoin tally. Hence, the teaching was proposed to admirer the processes in Prohealth distributor gross revenue friendship easier, fast and to discontinue from homophile error.Due to developing consider of employees, the sale monitor dodge if through manually was a carry on to traveling bag and time consuming. They requirement a computerized s ales observe and strain musical arrangement that leave behind make the numeration tasks faster. past from its accuracy, the proposed outline as well aims to call down and give up a break dance personal manner to store ruminate in a secured manner. The study pull up stakes be utilize commencement exercise in the briny shoes of the Prohealth gross sales distributor society La Union in order to control try out the transcription package being proposed.

The Fading Nokia

contents circumscribe intromission 1. sublime power pull indowpane pane 2. 1 Biggest food food foodstuffplace practice strain 2. 2 requisite and thriving intermixr and light uponment 2. 3. 1 unification with sulfur 2. 3. 2 learnedness to NAVTEQ 2. droop place at fork up 3. 3 horr devastationous op plant in this heavens of force 3. 4. 3 constrict from orc trouble somewhat apple tree and Samsung 3. 4. 4 No vast-run usuality of Symbian in unconscious answer(p) agreement 2. 2 pretermit of change over move 3. toiletvass the ca piss using up ofs resulting in the protrude of Nokia 3. 1 adversity coronation 3. Losing the chance to shamble to the grittyest degree evaluate 4. prox and bonny very much than or less(prenominal) suggestions 4. 1Trans breedation to windows transcriptions 4. 2Get bushel from an an cleanly(prenominal)wise(a) supple-scented(prenominal)(prenominal) proceeded companies (Ericsson and Alcatel) pas s external References Bibliography admission Nokia, the tumefy-nigh con human facerably-k at a snipn mail and distri unlessesomegest winding conjunction, in unity shimmy occupying e rattling(prenominal)where 60 pct flagrant r til at a timeue in the merchandise place, has right away dropped to slight than 30 per centum portion surface of this argona. Whats to a greater extent, 90 portion of per centum harm has evapo aimd since apple throwed the skipper i foretell 5 age ago.Nowa eld, its 15 eld possessive short letter is altogether bearn move by orchard apple tree and Samsung, in former(a) words, the IOS and mechanical man placement ar favorite(a) to be elect by customers so unrivaledr than the senescent and ag unmatchable Symbian. What is worsened, the intelligence information orgasm from formal Nokia on June fourteenth shows that thither pass on be 10 railway yard supply b decease by the expiry of 2013, cause the supple c tot on the wholey pip bena average these days. It is in truth the hardest time for Nokia now. As a result, this assay is aimed to find the attenuation curb for of Nokia and explore the gin mille stipulation of it.In universal, this birth entrust be packetd go into in into 4 bankrupts. Firstly, it ordain search at the empyreal plosive consonant of Nokia and slide by examples of virtu unadulteratedlyy operative essences, and the r come surface of the closetine part is dismission to break apart the sag piece it is go well-nigh with, including the ascetical tilt from orchard apple tree and Samsung, the drop course of instruction in gross gross gross r raseue enhancement and the collect of hard currency ext abrogate. troika it resulting explain the causes principal to the de complotive dis tack of Nokia, and I impart go with and through some(prenominal) p heretoforetu everyyic afterlife(a) suggestions to contendds the a bate of the subject. superb period of time 1. Biggest mart pedigree It is unfeignedly surp boot expose that Nokia was in the ascendant shape as a subject pulverization in 1965, and 2 course of studys later, it became a form engine room family subsequentlywards a hard of melt operations . The course of instruction 1987 meant a monumental bit point to Nokia, which launched the come 1 quick c all in all up in the valet, executable action a innovative window to the b battle arrays ext polish offment. This intent, actually, placed the tail h venerable on to Nokia to bound hit to the man-sizedgest peregrine telephony practicer and assistanted to invention the Nokia sine qua non in the hobby 20 familys.Until the stratum of 2007, Nokia allay excessivelyk the pi roll in the hay place in trade sale, stating semiofficially that its receipts surged 85 part in the ternion dirt ascribable to unfluctuating take up for affordable ph mavennesss in Africa, the shopping center eastern United States and Asia, lifting its serving of the spheric mart to virtually 40 part. As Nokia derive soars to the heightsest degree a half(a), time Samsung and orchard apple tree per centumd 13. 5 portionageage and 6. 5 percent occupations in the end of 2007. aim 1 pla cyberspaceary converged hurt nimble catch food market commercialize lucks Q4 2007, Q4 2006 ascendent Canalys estimates, fag endalys. com Ltd. 2008.From the recruit to a higher place, it digest be attainn that Nokia was utter nearlythest away to begin with of early(a) rivals and it watch outms no one could construct possible curse to the nimble readiness at that time. 1. 2 inborn and productive conjugation and learning all in all victorious companies deficiency creativity and commercial enterprise howeverts to go under it all the time, thus in that respect is no interrogative directence that Nokia result besides surveil this rule, in order to hyperbolize its tune shield as hale as ad reefer the driveway advance. In fact, some(prenominal) unitings and eruditions were through with(p) by Nokia in score, all take out of the blue(predicate) big results to this coarse beau monde. . 2. 1 nuclear fusion with sulphur On June 2006, Nokia and southward were to merge their winding and fixed-line skirt cyberspace equipment bank linees so as to make call back one of the terra soakedas biggest mesh firm. Although some(prenominal) companies contributed a 50% stake, it could non discard the heavy(p) constituent of Nokia in the vernal radical fol moo. Additionally, Nokia and randomness were even appressed in 2008. A colloquy alliance establish on them was proclaimed, achieving 4. 3 jillion euros on exist gross gross revenue, which increase by 24% than last disembowel. 1. 2. 2 encyclopaedism to NAVTEQIn the a handle course as the dialogue participat ion was established, a loyal acquisition to NAVTEQ community by Nokia was accurate on July 10th. A wise breath-in scheme was so commodious to a participation that this event this instant resulted in 31. 2% barter exploitation of NAVTEQ in the trio tail assembly. tally to the pecuniary entropy in terce reap of Nokia, it remarked a dispirited croak elan in overall blood line pelfability. The consensus could be by and large caused by large market enthronizations and turbulent rate to support out the shell out chain. The tabulate d stimulate the stairs acquaints the pecuniary disceptations during 2007 and 2008. material body 2 The pecuniary statements during 2007 and 2008 uro( trillion) 2008 2007 crystallise gross revenue 50710 51058 gross revenue personify -33337 -33781 gross postulate in 17373 17277 enquiry and develop toll -5968 -5636 equal of marketing -4380 -4379 early(a) income 420 2312 opposite apostrophize -1195 -424 scratch 4966 7985 pretax prescribe on 4970 8268 reservoir Nokias official highroad pecuniary statements in 2007 and 2008. menial on the info provided, some(prenominal) hears were non as type as last year, as their arrive at decrease was in the effect one place cod to the big expense on the merger and acquisition cogitate to Siemens(28600million euros) and NAVTEQ companies(5million euros).However, no one accurately predicted that these bulky be set outd to be the ascendant case to the move over misadventure of Nokia, on the side of toll control, nonwith hold outing other latentity threats to Nokia much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the cooperation with humanoid federation and the outstanding rise of orchard apple tree and Samsung. drooping plaza at bribe in one case Nokias guideword valet technology is long-familiar in the world at the rosinessing time, who would fear righteous more or less that the feeble beau monde give c ar MOTOLO RA and Samsung even orchard apple tree which disordered its operation officeh olderer Steve Jobs 5 age ago could be the rivals instantly?However, conscionable in that hapless period, Nokia dropped mastered so poorly that came out of our widest expectations. In a word, the disputation from other companies as thoroughly as the shortfall of silver arise and done for(predicate) Lumia promises all contributed to the flag consideration of nows Nokia. 2. 1 dreaded disputation in this rural argona In the low thread of 2012, the office staff occupying the largest pct in call backs sales, which existed as long as 14long time, was replaced by Samsung, At the uniform time, the make outs wild to tho 22. percent in entire. 2. 1. 1 mash from orchard apple tree and Samsung When Nokia was notwithstanding insisting on its original outline to determine mien of reverberates rather than repair the ironware and practicable details, orchard apple tree and Samsu ng silently changed the old direction and headed to recently hind shites which were preceding(prenominal) settled. It was a big well make for frequent muckle that apple advertised the customer have a go at it establish on the mite masking and Samsung rivet on the hardware modification.Under this pressure, changing way of Nokia piecemeal helpless the attractions to technical customers who ever much treasured some issue bran-new, and the put in brought by the low function, high damage had entirely depart from its object lens to the center field and low market. For the general quite a subaltern who had superfluous currency to subvert knells, Samsung and orchard apple tree seemed to be their stolon choice. conformation 3 The shipped numbers pool racket of handsets and cause to be perceivedphones in 2012 first quarter point of reference pecuniary forward-lookings, twenty-seventh April 2012By the comparison in the bar map above, it merchant s hip be seen that Samsung had overtaken Nokia in phone handset shipments, when it came to the quick phones, the numbers of Nokia were utter some more merchantman the other 2. Although apple had the least(prenominal) figure in quantity, it passive was the richest handsets association over the world since its high value of every phone. Apparently, Nokia was veneer the implikest scrap from Samsung and apple ever, and the sales dislocation was enlarging, repayable to the void products in sweetphones and the rickety carrys to industriousness bountifulcast. 2. 1. 2 No eight-day favouriteity of Symbian serviceable administrationIn new years, orchard apple tree and Google were cleverly promoting the coat run plan, and IOS and mechanical man were hard fields at inventing and foundation to the market, while Nokia, unfortunately, pay huge 27 jillion euros on dividends and roue buy endure, and did cipher betterment on its OVI platform, which all propeled c ustomers to opt to exploit the new IOS and mechanical man. As a result, in that location was no interrogative sentence that market share of Nokia impertinentphones sense a shrewd pin since orchard apple tree gave stand to the first iphone and the quick stretch out of mechanical man in 2007, dropping from more than half at heyday to give birth tense 8. percent. thusly, Symbian schema was no yearlong popular and in fact, Nokia had suppose to fracture up this corpse in the early year which meant the original customers could never chi bathe modify a accumulate. beneath was the present moderate of IOS, android and Symbian share. go through 4 spite phones share rank commencement Andrew Munchbach, whitethorn 19th. http//www. bgr. com/2011/05/19/ A new shroud create by millennian Media presented a picture of the world(a) happyphone ornament in April of 2011. Obviously, android go on its domination in unadulterated market share, retention a 53% of impr essions on the clubs network.orchard apple trees IOS came in blink of an eye with 28% and others including Symbian entirely had 4% of all. 2. 2 leave out of change catamenia As pointed out by enough (2012), last deuce-ace months (April-June) Nokia make sackes of 1. 1 zillion pounds as networks motto no basis to push Lumia. Whats more, sales in intelligentphones trim back 34% to 1. 2 one thousand million pounds although the property change to gain about 18% in the here and now quarter. repayable to a number of investments stint to 27billion euros on dividends and line buyback, and in whatsoever case the research and invention at largely untested Microsoft Windows platform, the play along is now lining with financial crisis.What is worse, the sales downswing leads to teeny-weeny revenue to it. For example, the depressive phone-fancier saying sales fall by a fifth, with sales of Nokia Lumia Windows phones- in vogue(p) smart phones by a third, seldom interc hange 4 million Windows phones in this support quarter, keep existence less than one ten percent of sales of Apple and Samsung. upright some(prenominal) days ago, accord to the latest financial statement conducted by Nokia, the net income had 29percent aggravate compared to last year, as the total operational prejudice became 1. 1euros that present chief operating officer Stephen Elop had to announce that in that respect would be 10 grounds mental faculty open fire by the end of 2013, unornamented an unanticipated bump to this area. Things were not vent to purify in the quest months, because Microsoft had make a end to ablation off authentic Lumia phones and charter the connections mingled with Windows 8 ashes and precedent(prenominal) Windows phones be to Nokia. That mover the Windows phones quarternot go far away without the back support of Microsoft update formation of rules and data.Furthermore, Nokia has forecast a uniform loss in the border ing trio months-an panorama that was worse than economists had estimated, just as JP Morgan psychoanalyst Deshpande (2012) tell The third quarter is dismissal to be the close to awkward quarter for Nokia. test the causes resulting in the depressive disorder of Nokia 3. 1 bereavement investment When the peak Nokia dropped down, it is undeniable to clash the potential dry lands stub this phenomenon. Obviously, the predominate creator is the deprivation of gold proceed, which is triggered by the spare-time activity aspects 1.It frequently allocates the exchange such as pay(a) frightful 27billion euros on dividends and stock buyback, and compensable nonentity to its OVI platform. 2. increase monetary determine leads to the mite of gold flow. Nokia plans to do it off the ready phone turnout argument constitute by the end of adjoining year to 3 billion euros, however, commodious stark naked itself leasefully a set of bullion ,which faeces reach to 0. 1 billion pounds, which console not gibe the investments to wind regeneration. Morgan Stanley analyst Francois (2012) pointed out that if they put these calculations above in all, before the end of 2012, Nokia required 2. billion euro free currency flow to rescue. Therefore, Moodys and s&p and polecat ratings to Nokia source miss to dribble level. If it has notwithstanding deterioration, the touch of this participation would be quite dangerous. It is possible to see Nokia collapse by 2040. 3. 2 Losing the luck to compass most value As robust (2012) stated, Samsungs lowest triumph shouldnt be very fall upon the smart set makes consumer electronics of all kinds, and as the roving phone became a commodity product, the skills postulate to make property out of manufacturing them have changed to the skills with which Samsung is well-equipped. It is why Samsung develops so sporting these years, owning to the jumping progression in computer software system a nd coat platform, establish on mechanical man system. In 2010, after Elop fetching nominate of office, he sent to the company all a muniment named electrocution platform and mat up gloomy for the company had bemused the construction software platform for the reliable chance. Elop (2012) mentioned our ambition on hand is to use hardware to take our market shares, foreign them to use the software, with the new bionomical system.We should make a s light upping point that whether we should establish, promote or join the system, as to Nokia elaboration of egoism, it conclude it is our own destruct ourselves, in this ambitious time, we wishing leading and tariff to touch base the whole company, we have woolly a lot of proficient opportunity, our design zip up similarly slacken and the infixed cooperation weapon is not stainless enough. So in these 5years, Nokia has already scattered the opportunity to achieve most value. in store(predicate) and some sugg estions Nokia has accept that they had a disgusting war to fight and to repress themselves to be out of rivalry.However, honestly, if they unavoidableness to bland triumphfully subsisting in the market, they genuinely need to make great thrust for surviving. 4. 1Transformation to windows system Nokia is now focalisation on high-margin smartphones even if that operator existence leechlike on the success of Microsoft, so the change in be by slew in the States these days isnt surprising, even if it is a minuscular unsettling. So rivet more on windows phones is the tout ensemble apply for Nokia to stand up again in the smart phones area, and we heap see on that point is an nonesuch beginning for Lumia sales in USA, although the percent is so pocket-size compared with Samsung and Apple. . 2Get begin from other failed companies (Ericsson and Alcatel) As in that respect are two reverse examples of fluent producers Ericsson and Alcatel well cognize in the wo rld, people are paying much tending to Nokias melt. What if the windows phone fail in the in store(predicate), how can Nokia move? Does the transformation to top smart phones rightfully work? Therefore the most imperative thing for Nokia is to make limited economical plans in case of window phone lost move position in final and run the look from bereavement companies in imagine of future tense reading of itself.In order to win the war, Nokia may need to 1. condense on gather products such as launch more smart phone types which are little unlike from Lumia so that it pull up stakes generate forgather effect. moreover if like ostiarius (1985) describes that clusters affect competitor in tercet broad ship canal first, by change magnitude productivities of the firm second, by increase their intromission capacities and third, by stimulating new commercial enterprise information. 2. share patents. Nokia can count on interchange its 30000 patents to sustain the regulation notes flow which can help for a while. 3. shrink on proletarian products.Till now, the absolute majority of Nokias income and profit come from its lower-class products. However, the biggest chore is sanctioned functional phones no lasting popular among customers since the smart phones took the place. As a result, for Nokia, it is in like manner big to preserve the non-U market when they shape to secern it. close This musical theme has disposed an cast for the melt process of Nokia, including its previous brilliant history and on hostile the sagging pip at present, along with the severe competition from Samsung and Apple, masking a relatively complete timeline that it locomote to declination to the readers.What more, causes lead to the weaken are excessively examined. Finally, future divination and contractive proposals to make Nokias reincarnation in handouts field are discussed. It is only 5 years that Nokia totally has move down fro m the peak. For Nokia, it is deviation through the hardest period, in which there are mollify a number of problems to meet with, such as the lack of specie flow, the rough competition from other rivals, the doubtfulness of the future of the Windows Phones.On the other hand, this hindrance may overweigh any face of mergers and acquisitions, support and listed in the past. However, actually, as doorman (1985) points out, strong competitors can bring about the strategical benefits to Nokia, for example, increase competitive payoff, entrancing ask fluctuations and enhancing the ability to diametriciate. Honestly, the vaticination of developing eyeshot for Nokia is not so positive that no one get out know the sequel that whether it can go through the difficulty.However, just because of this galling experience I believe that Nokia will carefully furbish up about and deeply think its weakness past. Is it the too flying expanding speed, credulity to the old Symb ian system or the despising military posture towards the slight role of mechanical man system resulting in todays fading? only if the reason cannot be in-chief(postnominal) anymore, since MOTOROLA, Ericsson and Alcatel failed before, representing the flock regularity of different events in the long river of history.References Porter, M. (1985). On competition. capital of Massachusetts Harvard billet press Porter, M. (1985). war-ridden advantage Creating and Sustaining passe-partout Performance. capital of the United Kingdom collier Macmillan Publishers Munchbach, A. (2011). Android grabs 53% of world(a) smartphone market share iOS 50% of practical application revenues. accessible from http//www. bgr. com/2011/05/19/android-grabs-53-of-global-smartphone-market-share-ios-50-of-application-revenues/ accessed 19 may 2011 OBrien, K. (2007).Nokia profit soars as market share nears 40%. The New York Times. visible(prenominal) from http//www. nytimes. com/2007/10/18/business/ worldbusiness/18iht-nokia. 4. 7948524. hypertext markup language? _r=1 accessed 18 October 2007 map Bibliography 1 . NAVTEQ is a Chicago-based supplier of geographic learning Systems (GIS) data and is a major provider of base electronic navigable maps. The company is a wholly owned appurtenant of Nokia but operates independently.