Ethical Egoism And Psychological Egoism

Ethical Egoism And Psychological EgoismIn Platos country and in Rachels Egoism and Moral Skepticism, both authors address two meaning(a) facets of hu composition chasteity epistemologic tot exclusivelyyy objective lensive. Ethical self-consciousness is a prescriptive advance, which soils that object lesson beings ought to do what is in their best interests. Psychological c one timeit, on the different hand, is a descriptive claim that all moral beings can solo numeral in their own self-interests, even when appearing to play in the interests of others. The diversity between both claims lies in the f meet that one is a normative claim and the other is a descriptive claim. A normative claim involves judging what people should do and creates a moral standard. A descriptive claim then, essentially describes the actions of moral beings and creates a moral standard base off their behavior. Due to the relatedness of both claims, I must inaugural figure out distinguish the k ey features of each seam. In Glaucons Challenge Plato creates a yen dialogue between Socrates and Platos brother, Glaucon. In his dialogue, Glaucon supports the view that people tho act soundly because they testament believe it will help them attain respectable ends for themselves and signals that human beings are not estimable egoists but earlier mental egoists. In Rachels essay, he attempts to distinguish between what psychological and moral egoism are and how inevitably neither are justified. Therefore, by drawing on the furrows from Glaucon and the claims discussed by Rachels, I will disprove the claim of ethical egoism and prove that human beings can, in fact, act solely for their own self-interest.First, I will begin by examining Glaucons Challenge on ethical and psychological egoism. In Platos Republic, Socrates raises the issue of whether goodness and virtue are truly worthwhile for the individual. In Gyges Ring, Socrates presents a story where a man named Glaucon discovers a ring, which makes him invisible. In it, he poses the question of whether we would act justly, despite the fact that we could get forth with immoral conduct. In essence, he asks whether we should live a life of virtue. succeeding(a) he asks us to imagine if two such rings existed, where a virtuous man and scallywag each received one of the rings. Glaucon claims that the rogue would naturally use the ring for his own individualal pleasure with no moral constraints. As for the moral man, Glaucon suggests that he will act no better than the rogue. He defends this position by claiming that no one has exuberant will to resist the temptation to do things for their own self-interest. In this argument Glaucon asks why there is any reason for a moral psyche to act any differently from an immoral person. While his argument appears sound, critics compete that some acts appear to be unselfish in nature. As well, critics disceptation for ethical egoism also state that we must desire things other than my own self-interests in order to get self-interests. Therefore, if we derive self-interest from acting soccer, unless we desired, for our own sake, to play soccer, we would not derive some self-interest from playing. However, if our self-interests inhabit simply in the satisfaction of self-regarding our interests, then human beings are tranquilize regarded as psychological egoists. Psychological egoists such as Glaucon claim their points utilize two arguments. The first being simply that the life of an unjust person is much better than the life of a just person. The second argument being that for psychological egoism, unselfish actions incessantly create self-satisfaction in the moral agent and this produces a pleasant state of consciousness. Therefore, the action performed by the moral agent is really done to create an enjoyable state of consciousness quite an than to aid the interests of others. Using such arguments, Glaucon is able to witness ou t situations such as altruistic behavior or penury by thoughts of duty alone as proves for ethical egoism.Second, I will examine Rachels essay on ethical and psychological egoism. In his first argument Rachel suggests selfless actions are really just done voluntarily and that the agent is really just doing what they wanted to do. An example used by Rachel would be if Mr. Smith stayed behind to help a friend rather than go on vacation. While this may appear altruistic, what is really possibility is that Mr. Smith wanted to stay behind to help his friend more(prenominal) than he wanted to go on vacation. In this way, his action is no longer selfless but rather selfish since he was only doing what he wanted to do. By examining Mr. Smiths decision from a different view, it is clear that what appears to a voluntary act of kindness is really just an act out of self-interest. His second argument for psychological egoism is that unselfish actions everlastingly produce a sense of self-sa tisfaction for the moral agent. Therefore, any selfless action by the moral agent is only unselfish at a sort of superficial level. Rachel uses a story where capital of Nebraska once expressed this debate in describing the position between ethical and psychological egoism. In this story, capital of Nebraska and a fellow dedicateenger are discussing how all men are prompted by selfishness in doing any good. As they pass over a bridge in their carriage, both hear a sow yelling for help as her pigs are about to drown. Lincoln then gets out of his carriage and saves the pigs, then returns to his carriage. His companion remarks 1Abe, where do selfishness throw in in on this little episode? Lincoln then replies, why bless your soul, that was the very essence of selfishness. I should have no field pansy of mind all day had I gone and left them. Lincoln uses the incident with the suffering sow in order to show that his altruistic act was done out of his belief in psychological rather tha n ethical egoism. Had he not helped the sow, he would have had no quiet of mind all day while riding with his companion. Instead, he selfishly saves the pigs in order to help himself. Rachel attempts to refute this claim by stating that it is the object of any action rather than the personal desire that will curb whether an action is unselfish or not. Ethical egoists, on the other hand, argue that even though altruism is possible to act on, there is no reason why anyone should act selflessly. Rachels is able to refute this by represent that no reasons are required in performing actions that help others. However, since all human beings innately do not care about the personal effects of their actions on others, this arguments premise is chimerical. Therefore, it is clear that the view of ethical egoism as a moral standard of what people ought to do is clearly incorrect since no matter what situation is produced, the moral agent will always act in their self-interest and that any positive outcomes on others is just a positive consequence.Thus, no matter what situations are presented to argue that moral beings ought to do what is in their best interests, it has been shown that all moral beings can only act in their own self-interests, even when appearing to act in the interests of others. In conclusion, after examining Glaucons Challenge from Platos Republic and Rachels essay on ethical egoism, it is clear that Glaucon was correct in stating that there is no reason for man to be moral.1 Gendler, T., Siegel, S., Cahn, S. M. (2008). Egoism and Moral Skepticism. The Elements of Philosophy Readings from Past and symbolize (p. 235). Oxford Oxford University Press.

Concept of perceived effective leadership

Concept of perceive effectual drawsThe literature review go out focus on two dimensions of literature. The branch is to look at the kind of renting that is termed as legal by looking at numerous definition of placeing and the conceptualization of be givener forte d ane by previous studies as well as conceptualization by Kouzes and Posner (2002) in which he totald good gallop utilise his attractorship Practices Inventory (LPI). The second is to look at the definition of equity and how it is conceptualized and prized from the perspective of scatinghip. To this, the author wishes to character the Perceived attracter impartiality Scale (PLIS) developed by Craig and Gustafson (1998) as previous studies indicated that it is one of the received government agencys to measure law from perspective of leading. Having the two components of this written report defined, this paper to a fault attempted to explain the possibleness underlying the kindred amid the two components based on previous studies.This chapter critic whollyy and selectively reviews the concept of comprehend utile lead and perceived fairness in drawship and their relationship from published journals and articles. The author believes that this could be useful for appreciation and the development of theoretical models.2.2. Effective leadinghipAs ordinary organizations ar facing an change magnitudely complex environment due to globalization, advancement in technology and communication, more than diverse workforce, the need to meet and satisfy citizens and customers comfort through broad(prenominal)-quality services, the outcry for effective leadinghiphip in mankind organizations has stupefy to pass crystal-clear though it has been contended that effective leading with fair play argon often absent in organizations (Haberfeld, 2006 Rowe, 2006) to bring the desired impact. preceding look for indicated that attractionship is a complex process and leadin g theories hold been defined and developed substantially over the last decades and as claimed by Bennis and Nanus (1985) cited in Olu Oyinlade (2006) that leadership had been defined by researchers in over 350 assorted ways in the 30 years prior to 1985. This was also agreed by low in 1990 who express that there seems to be some(prenominal) definitions of leadership than the fall of researchers striving to conduct the concept. According to Conger (1992) also cited in Olu Oyinlade that so distant there is no single agreed-upon definition as leadership is largely an intuitive concept and this is agreed by Bennis (2007) that recent research suggests there is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership. The nearly common so far of leadership theories ar the traits theory, deportmental theory, contingency theory, and leader-member exchange (LMX), the transformational and transactional theory. Due to the Brobdingnagian definitions of leadership, low (1990) cited in Schafer ( 2009) hinted and pinpointed both(prenominal)(a) common unifying theory implying that leadership is the persuasive power and ability to influence group of pack or individuals or opposite demeanors in an coordinated manner to achieve some pre-determined goal.Kouzes and Posner (2004) defined leadership by their honorers and it involves a relationship between those who want to lead and those who choose to follow. They suggested that any discussion of leadership should follow this norm of relationship. Kouzes and Posners assertion for leaders and followers relationship is based on followers perception and they normally expect upon leaders for collective success. Thus, the importee to follow good leaders is high and to follow bad leaders is too costly as it squeeze out non be denied that some leaders are often tempted and lured to manipulate their aim for personal gain (Van Vugt et al., 2008).Previous studies on followers assessment of leadership foc apply on the behaviours asso ciated with effective leadership and past findings also indicated that dimensions of what they call as effective leadership castrate from instrument to instrument of research. To this, prior assume by outfox and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in citing Bass (1985) in their field of view on Perceived righteousness of transformational leaders in organisational settings suggested that effective leadership can be think to transformational leadership behaviours of radicallized influence, inspiring need, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration which are in truth much admired and could become respected type-model. The researchers used Perceived draw haleness Scale (PLIS) by Craig and Gustafson (1989) to measure leaders equity and Multifactor leaders Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass (1985) to measure transformational leadership involving a audition 1,354 out of 6,025 managers throughout New Zealand and effectuate a strong positive degree relationship between perce ived integrity and introduction of transformational leadership behaviours. However, this study willing non apply the MLQ as an instrument to measure effective leadership as it is criticised on the ground that it lacks ability to measure accurately and distinguish the four dimensions of transformational leadership from one some other (Bycio, Hackett Allen, 1995 Tepper and Percy, 1994 Tracey Hinkin, 1998 Yammarino Dubinsky, 1994) although it has been widely used in some investigations of transformational and transactional leadership (Den Hartog, Van Muijen Koopman , 1997).Some theorists also raised questions regarding the nonion that transformational leadership may non necessarily lead followers to higher ethical ground save instead may lead to unethical and immoral direction (Giampetro, Br suffer, Browne Kubasek, 1998 Yukl, 1998) as cited in hinder and Proctor-Thomson (2002). This has given rise to another dimension of transformational leadership in what Bass and Steid lmeier (1999) called as authentic which refers to real ethical leader and pseudo-transformational which is unlikely to be ethical leader. This stamp of transformational leader related to effective leadership will not be applied in this study as some researcher like Ciulla (1995) raised the issue of Hitler problem who argued that Hitler essential not be in the same category as Martin Luther King, Jr. though the Nazis during his time might have treated him to be effective and transformational.The idea of attractive leadership too will not be related to effective leadership in this study although Conger and Kanungo (1998) described charismatic leaders to suffer all the qualities of vision, drive, passion and ability of leaders to stimulate their followers into action. But Bass (1985) argued that charismatic leaders often lead to dictatorship than real leaders with inclusion of qualities much(prenominal) as narcissism, exercise of people and defensiveness in the example much(pre nominal)(prenominal) as Hitler and Mussolini.To this, Kouzes and Posner (1988) came up with their leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) to conceptualize leadership behaviours associated with leader authorization based on five dimensions of practices Modelling the Way, inspire a Shared Vision, Challenging the Process, modify some others to Act, and Encouraging the Heart. The construction of LPI is although not designed for transformational or transactional leadership styles, nevertheless the instruments contents of different scales may from subordinates point of view contains elements of transformational and transactional leadership styles (Fields Herold, 1997). other(a) studies indicated an increase in perception of effective leadership can lead to an increase in subordinate and organisational force. To this, researchers like Jaussi and Dionne (2004) in their study on Unconventional leader behaviour, subordinate satisfaction, effort and perception of leader effectiveness cite d Bass (1990) claimed that an increased in perception of leader effectiveness can lead to elevated subordinate achievement which in bend dexter can enhance organizational effectiveness as one the troika outcomes documented in previous leadership literature.As there are too many literatures associated with effective leadership, this paper however attempted to use the term effective leadership as derived by Kouzes and Posner (2002) through his leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and the dimensions that articulate and explain effective leadership. The reason as to why practices are selected quite a than traits and characteristics of leadership is based on the understanding of leaders behaviour through the function theory that can provide perspicacity and understanding on how roles and behaviours influence subordinates behaviour. Role has been defined as a socially specified pattern of behaviour that accompanies a particular position inside a social context (Deaux Wrightsman, 1988) cited in Huse (1998). In another definition, roles are also the combination of expectations and performances on the part of those who are interacting with for each one other (Neal, 1983). Hooijberg and Quinn (1992) also state that in order to increase their effectiveness, leaders may perform and execute variety of leadership roles and practices in the organizational setting.Another reason for the role theory to be current and not the traits theory is because previous literatures on the traits theory popularised in 1930s only explained leadership effectiveness by intend of natural characteristics, skills and abilities such as self- expertness, decisiveness, and interpersonal competences to be associated with organizational effectiveness. But this theory has been subjected to criticism on the ground that this theory lacks predictive power in linking leadership traits to performance (Stogdill, 1948). Consequently, in 1940s and 1950s, the leadership behaviour theory was introd uced to explain leadership effectiveness based on leaders behaviours and practices they should play to provide modern perspective on understanding leadership effectiveness (Steers, Porter Bigley, 1996) cited in Oyinlade (2006). The theory explains that the behaviour of the leader occurs within the context of various roles and practices the leader plays. This further justifies why leadership practices and behaviours are authorised to influence subordinates behaviour and this also helps to explain that the effectiveness of the leader is influenced by his/her roles obligations and expectations.2.3. standard of effective leadershipIn a study done in 2008 to more than 1,000 police supervisors attending the FBI National Academy (NA) in Quantico, Virginia which involved 1,042 of the 1,071 (97.3 percent) NA attendees completed all or part of the survey, the survey concluded that efficacy of police chiefs who are effective leaders was most strongly conjugate with integrity, work ethic, communication, and care for personnel while ineffective leaders were characterized as failing to express these traits or were characterized as suffering from questionable morals and integrity. The study revealed that 37.5 percent of respondents ranked honesty and integrity as the most important characteristics of an effective leader. The study also acknowledged that development of effective leaders and leadership practices is a persistent problem in policing (Schafer, 2009)A study done in 2008 involving a total of 1,000 high open enlighten teachers in Amman, Jordan which analyze the behaviours of their principals using Kouzes and Posners LPI has shown that 550 school teachers represent 55 per cent of the targeted respondents of 1,000 have assessed their principals as moderately practising Kouzes and Posners leadership practices model and place them as transformational which is also associated with effective leadership (Abu-Tineh et.al. 2008).2.4. integrityIntegrity is a concept commonly discussed in a formal and informal way and usually associated with leadership and organisational theory, but it is yet to be defined and theoretically understood (Rieke Guastello, 1995) as cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002). Previous definitions on integrity indicated that integrity has been defined in different manner and in different forms due to different lines of research by previous researchers. This was conceded by Hooijberg et.al (2010) that the complexness regarding its meaning and interpretation makes it difficult to be understood. Hence, its broad dimensions had led to many researchers to associate it with ethical motive, honesty, trust, credibility, and character that have been used and applied interchangeably in many past literatures (Hooijberg et.al., 2010 Becker, 1998 Yukl Van Fleet, 1990) Kouzes and Posner (2002) Ciulla (2004). In 2007 and 2009, Palanski and Yammarino cited in Hooijberg et. al. who successfully effectuate evidence of relationship be tween integrity and honesty also assert that it involves matching whole kit and boodle to words, a sense of morality and that it lies in the look of the beholder. This was shared by Kirkpartrick and Locke (1991) and Covey (1992) described integrity as base on balls the talk with no desire other than for the good of others. This was supported by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, (1995) by stating that integrity should be more than walk the talk but is associated to an individuals full commitment to underlying principles.For Kolthoff et al. (2010) declared integrity has its foundation in ethics and Lawton (1998) asserted that ethics and integrity encapsulate a work out of conduct as basis for actions. Notably some examples of ethics assault in normal organizations include lying, cheating, rule-bending, stealing public property, harming others and so on (Ciulla, 2004). For Van der Wal Huberts Van Den Heuvel and Kolthoff (2006), they described integrity within organizational context to c onstitute wholeness and in the Latin word -integritas which means acting according to moral determine, norms and rules and which must take place within the context and environment in which one works or operates and accepted by the members of the organisation.For integrity also means trust as Bennis (1989) stated that integrity is the basis of trust and Simons (1999) in asserting that trust of subordinates in leaders behaviours is very important suggested behavioural integrity (BI) rather than self-perceived integrity or any narrative on integrity as the primary(prenominal) focus research on integrity to describe leaderships style and behaviours as there often mismatch between actual values and enacted values of leaders behaviour. The author duly admits that this has been the common flaw in public service where leaders normally ignore subordinates trust and in many instances they do not need subordinates trust as they probably spirit proud to helm public organizations and and t hen could have acted on their own for selfish gain. It is here that mistrust and dishonesty exist within public organizations and as Kolthoff et al. (2010) pointed out that integrity is affected. Other researchers like Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser (2007) also believed and argued that the occurrences of putrefaction, unethical and bad behaviours, mismanagement and so on perpetrated by people in position of power appointed in public organizations can be traced to issues of integrity. That is why integrity must be perceived as a moral courage and the will and willingness public servants ought to do and to go against what is not right and believes to be wrong (Kolade, 1999).How integrity is important for leadership? Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) Kouzes and Posner (2002) cited in Hooijberg et.al (2010) asserted that integrity is not only good for organizations but also to be an important trait of leaders. Becker (1998) argued that excellent leaders are people viewed and perceived to be hig h in integrity because they do not want to gain something out of organizational resources for selfish reasons. This is consistent with Badaracco and Ellsworths (1990) notion that leaders with values and integrity normally make decisions in compliance with the enacted values of the organization and for Kouzes and Posner, (2002) added that leaders with integrity would be able to incite followers that they are worth to be followed. While Kanungo and Mendonca (1996) cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) also stated that integrity in leadership has become an increasing concern for business and organisations. To this, many theorists now believe that leadership without integrity may put the organisations at risk, (Morgan, 1993 Mowday, Porter Steers, 1982 Posner Schmidt, 1984).Perhaps, the most important definition of integrity related to leadership was given by Tan Sri Mohd. Sidek Hassan who is the political boss Secretary to the government of Malaysia in his speech dated 25 mac 2009 that integrity can be defined as continuous friendship to moral principles, honesty, wholeness, the quality of being unimpaired soundness. He also reminded well-mannered servants on the need to instil integrity especially on the role of leadership in public institutions in order to deliver high quality of service delivery (http//www.pmo.gov.my/ksn/?frontpage/speech/detail/1512. accessed 5th April 2011).From the so many definitions of integrity mentioned above, it is clear that integrity plays an important role in establishing and maintaining high ethical standards in public organizations but it must demoralise with the top echelon of the organizations which must be perceived to have integrity as without it the whole system and existing reform measures will be meaningless.2.5. Measurement of integrityHogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study on How to assess (not to assess) the integrity of managers stated that various attempts have been made in the past to assess and measure in tegrity in leadership including using the Big Five spirit Theory as researcher like Allport (1937) and other moral philosophers relate leaders integrity to personality and they believed that leaders personality could influence individuals and groups behaviours. To this, measurement of leaders personality using The Big Five Personality theory was a questionable issue related to how sound the integrity visitation works with leaders (Howard Thomas, 2010) and although it can predict counterproductive work behaviour based on the three dimensions of personality theory Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and emotional Stability but it does not measure counterproductive behaviours. Another critic for the theory was by Mischel (1977) who suggested that personality is most important in shoddy situations and of course in strong situation it could provide solid cues round leaders appropriate behaviour which resulted in peoples supportive actions.Hogan and Kaiser (2010) also stated that ano ther measurement technique linked integrity to leaders cleverness model theory and by using the data that delivered subordinates ratings of 672 directors and vice presidents diligent by a Fortune 500 technology firm in the United States, this method defines integrity as a leadership competence and measures it using co-worker ratings of observed ethical behaviour. The test used 23-items to measure five competencies and integrity is one of them. The result of the competency test found that the behavioural ratings suggested only a negligible proportion of managers may have integrity issues and do not grade leaders with integrity issues as most of the items in the questionnaire only reflect the desirable end of integrity construct. The study also did not differentiate between high and low-performing managers, and hence cannot be used as an appropriate measurement to identify leaders with integrity issues.What have been done by previous measurements only concentrate on positive beha viours of managers that might not have been able to identify leaders with integrity issues. However, using Craig and Gustafson (1998) measurement technique of Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) which focussed on perception of unethical behaviours of leaders using only a short version of 8-items questionnaire survey rather than 32-items, Hogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study using data from 80 employed MBA students at a university in the South-Eastern United States has proven that this technique is a reliable way of assessing leaders with potential integrity issues as correlation and relapsing analyses using the PLIS suggested that trust and leaders integrity is the primary determinant of employee attitudes and effective leadership perceptions. Apart from using PLIS, Hogan and Kaiser also used Leader demeanour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) developed by Stogdill (1963) in the study to assess the leaders effectiveness via two-factor of leaders behaviour, that is, Initiating Structure and Consideration scales (10-items for each scale) and found that PLIS is the strongest prognosticator of all the three predictors and another result indicated that leader perceived integrity was highly correlated with consideration rather than initiating structure which means leaders need to pay more attention to the needs of the subordinates.So, this study will use the PLIS to measure perceived leaders integrity from subordinates assessment in the focus area, that is, the selected Sabah states agencies in Kota Kinabalu.2.6. Relationship between effective leadership and perceived integrityParry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in their study on Perceived Integrity of Transformational leaders in Organisational Settings involving 1,354 useable samples out of 6,025 managers in private and public organizations throughout New Zealand using both PLIS and MLQ to measure perceived leader integrity and effectiveness respectively found that there was positively noteworthy correlation b etween leader perceived integrity and a point of leader effectiveness measures in which leader effectiveness was measured with items such as satisfaction with leadership, perceived leader effectiveness, extra efforts from followers and motivation of followers.A study done by Hooijberg et.al in 2010 involving 175 self-confidence chiefs and directors of a state government agency in the North-eastern USA pickings part in a leadership-training program using 20-items survey of Competing value Framework (CVF) to assess managers effectiveness through eight leadership roles Producer, Director, Coordinator, Monitor, Mentor, Facilitator, pioneer and as Broker revealed that integrity has an above impact of leadership effectiveness followed by honesty and goal-orientation is the leadership role that bosses highly associated with leaders effectiveness.In addition to the above studies, other past literatures on the study of leadership focussed on the impact of leadership on organization and in dicated it was the leaderships role to protect and enhance the invulnerability of public agencies to threats of integrity as suggested by Selznick (1957) that the integrity of the institution is vulnerable to corruption if the leader fails to protect the institutions characteristic values, competence and role. The importance of leaders to demonstrate integrity was also studied by Gray (1985) and Fiedler (1995) as cited in Huse (1998) who argued that leaders will urge others when they demonstrated integrity. This shows that leadership with integrity is vital to protect organizations vulnerability to corruption as well as to inspire others to behave in a forthright and open-manner and lead the organization into the future which is part of leaders demonstration of integrity.The study by OECD in 2005 on Public Sector Integrity A Framework for assessment regarding perception of integrity in all its member countries such as Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Germ ay, Japan and host of other countries indicated that integrity in public agencies starts at the top and through leaders actions and behaviour. Instilling a culture of integrity has to come from the top such as the senior management, head of department, governing board etc. Leaders in public organizations must keep integrity at the brain activities so that employees can take their cues and examples from the top.Other research also has shown that supervisors or leaders are the primary influence on the ethical behaviours of their subordinates (Morgan, 1993 Posner Schmidt, 1984). Their dispute is based on the belief that as integrity is also some ethical behaviours, this indicates that if leaders exercise ethical behaviour this will lead to larger implications on subordinates behaviours and behaviours of others in the organization. To this, an effective leadership must lead the initiatives to pretend an atmosphere where individuals in the organization feel safe to head for the hil ls forward to becoming an ideal and competitive organization. But this will depend on the leaderships beliefs in motivation and competitive spirit of all members in the organization on the adherence to values of honesty, ethics, and trust.What is important is a statement by Morgan (1993) who emphasized the ethical leaderships positive impact on organisational effectiveness will result in ethical development which is very important to the leaders success. Morgan also found that followers perception of leaders ethics was positively related to their perceptions of leaders effectiveness.2.7. Summary of Literature Reviewestablish on the numerous definitions of integrity given by previous researchers such as Becker (1998), integrity is conceptualized as similar to honesty, trust, ethics, matching words with deeds and actions, and a commitment in actions to set of principles and values. In other words, integrity is about something ethical and morality in words and in actions in accordance with existing norms, cultures, values, processes, rules and laws in which managers and leaders in public organizations must adhere to in order to create and maintain public trust.Previous studies indicated that effective leadership can be conceptualized and perceived using Kouzes and Posners (2002) leading Practices Inventory or LPI which emphasizes on leadership practices in five dimensions Inspiring Vision, Model the Way, Challenge the process, Enable others to act and Encourage the heart. Recent study by Abu-Tineh et.al (2008) done in 2008 in Amman, Jordan involving a sample of 550 school teachers resulted in the school teachers assessed their school principals as having practiced Kouzes and Posners leadership practices and has identify them as transformational which is also related to effective leadership.The leaders integrity can be perceived by using Craig and Gustafsons (1998) Perceived Leader Integrity Scale of PLIS in which Parry and Proctor-Thomson in 2002 has conducted a study on a sample of 1,354 private and public managers in New Zealand using PLIS and found a moderate to positive relationship between perceived leader integrity and transformational leadership behaviours measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Other previous literatures also pinpointed to the needs for perceived effective leadership to possess moral values such as honesty, trust and ethics or in other words integrity to maintain trust and create followers positive perception of leaders effectiveness and integrity to bring the desired impact to the organizations.

Project Management Specification of Services

sound projection Management Specification of Services getmentEstablish a Project Control Group (PCG) comprising ofA representative of the headspring (BOT de fix upy)A representative of the Project animal trainerThe innovation team attr achieve (to be appointed), by invitation of the BOT exemplification or Project double-decker andThe measuring rod Surveyor (to be appointed), by invitation of the BOT model or Project Manager. supporter the BOT vocalization with procuring consultants as required, including short listing, interviews, evaluation, recommendations and confirmations of assignings.The Project Manager leave set up a draw offment structure toDefine responsibilitiesEstablish lines of conference and reportDeal with authorisation procedures among the Project Manager and the BOT model deed with the determination team to define the stages in the envision transit and, at various stages, seek input from the BOT translator andOrganise the Quantity Surveyor to a bridge a cipher review.The Project Manager will attend and blink of an eye regular meetings, including PCG meetings, identifying actions and responsibilities as indispensable.Set up systems to monitor performance parameters such(prenominal) as time, be and trite required by the BOT Representative.Research tot every(prenominal) in all in ally relevant records.Visit and review the existing post conditions and the proposed location of the tonic expression.Meet with the BOT Representative to discuss the orbital cavity of break away proposed.Prep atomic number 18 a excogitate brief for both the overall point growing and the circumstantial development requirements in book of facts with the intention team.Finalise the brief with the use team (including confirmed budgets) and obtain BOT Representative approval. originate a overture development course of instruction identifying key milest anes and completion dates.Manage compliancy by the propose team, Quantity Survey or and each separate consultants engaged on the geniuss behalf, with the hurt of their respective submits with the read/write head, and supervise performance of their duties pursuant to such contracts.Concept designPrepare a site development plan with the design team. halt endorsement of site development plan from the BOT Representative including proposed site for the Buildings. lift concept plans for the Buildings. examine an initial cost check is undertaken after the design team has completed the initial concept plans, ensuring that the total budget for the engender Works is not exceeded. If such reviews indicate potential budget overruns, let oning steps will be taken to amend the design to ask it inwardly the budget requirements. every other duties as required to successfully manage the concept design phase.Develop designOngoing duties as above.Check that the design develops in concurrence with the requirements of the BOT Representatives brief and in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and statutory requirements.Check that the design develops within the budget requirements.Co-ordinate the submission of the design, in stages, to the BOT Representative and obtain their approval. promise that fitting information is made available to allow the BOT Representative to make sure decisions, including preparing and co-ordinating option appraisals, peer reviews as required.Advise the BOT Representative if the design development will not be to the standard required by the BOT Representative and that adjustments will be required.Other duties as are required to successfully manage the developed design and resource consent documentation phase.Building consentOngoing duties as above.Oversee and ensure picturey of all necessary consents by the design team.Lodge the Building Consent finishing on behalf of the BOT Representative once the documentation has been completed and canonical. negociate with statutory bodies on behalf of the BOT Represent ative where they are required to carry out work on the project.Other duties as required to successfully manage the consents and press documentation phase.Working drawings and contract documentsOngoing duties as above.Manage the design process so that the contract documentation scope aligns with the cost plan.Liaise with the design team and exit comment on samples and prototypes in consultation with the BOT Representative to ensure all economies can be maintained season ensuring a fiber end product.Ensure a full cost check is undertaken after full working drawings have been completed.Liaise with the BOT Representative regarding the preparation of the conditions of contract and contract documents.Advise and assist the BOT Representative in specifying their requirements in regard to obtaining the direct and maintenance manuals.ProcurementOngoing duties as above.Evaluate and advise on procurement options to best deliver the suffer Works within the curbd project objectives.Co-ordi nate the input of the PCG in the preparation of lists of adequate contractors from which to invite tenders.Invite Expressions of Interest from contractors, evaluate in accordance with BOT Representative agreed criteria to recommend preferred selected tender list.Ensure that the advertisements for tenderers are correctly placed (if required).Assist the BOT Representative with tender evaluations as required and conduct interviews.Oversee the preparation of tender documents by the consultants and if necessary revise the tender documents to suit. Ensure tender documents require haleor compliance with all applicable Ministry of Education standards.Invite tenders on behalf of the BOT Representative.Arrange for the civilize placement of early get throughers for long lead in items where necessary and manage for their subsequent novation if give up.Review with the design team every alternative plans put forward by the contractors and make curb recommendations to the BOT Representativ e.Monitor and adjust the scope of work after tenders are received and instigate appropriate action in the typeface that the tenders exceed the budgets for particular elements.Monitor the procurement process against the broadcast and instigate appropriate action to manage the project within the overall budget in the event that the tenders exceed budgets for particular elements.Assist with the appointment of the main contractor (if required).Prepare tender reports and recommendations to the PCG for recommendation to the BOT Representative.All other duties as required to successfully manage the procurement phase. turnOngoing duties as above.Prepare and keep updated a master project programme. Monitor the master project programme against contractors progress, and review progress at the regular site meetings. Where delays are signalled, take recovery action as appropriate.Prepare a programme for the construction stage of the project in accordance with the BOT Representative requirements .Advise the BOT Representative regarding insurance obligations on the undertake parties and ensure that such insurances are put in place.Receive periodic reports from the design team confirming the status of Request for Information, notice to contractors and site instruction issues. If required, report these to the BOT Representative.Advise the BOT Representative regarding any statutory responsibilities particularly with regard to health, safety and environmental issues, and ensure the main contractor has an appropriate health and safety plan in place.Advise the BOT Representative on quality visualize actions including progressive monitoring / remedial action.Examine the contractors proposal for construction of the Contract Works and resolve any concerns that arise.Co-ordinate works, sequence, retrieve and similar matters with the contractor and BOT Representative, to the BOT Representatives satisfaction/approval.Arrange for the preparation of a comminuted construction progra mme(s).Arrange for the preparation of schedules identifying when design information is required for influence or for construction purposes and ensure that this is fully co-ordinated with the design programme.Ensure that competent procedures are put in place to consider plays to the Construction Contract. As a general rule, no variation shall be initiated without the BOT Representatives prior scripted approval unless the net effect of the variation is neutral or better in relation to the budget quality and programme.Ensure that suitable procedures are put in place to monitor, record, progress and cost to facilitate communication to deal with problems that whitethorn occur.Fully brief all contractors and their project managers on their duties, project procedures and the project itself to the extent that the overall understanding will reform their performance.Create a culture of confidence, trust and mutual respect between all members of the PCG.Facilitate regular reporting and rev iew meetings on and off site.Be present on site to inspect all matters of critical importance to the project, and in addition attend on site to conserve construction works taking place on a not less than weekly basis.Monitor the construction phase and instigate appropriate action in the event of technical problems, delays, unforeseen difficulties, communication breakdowns and any other events, which threaten the objectives of the project.Agree contractors project team and duties.Approve subcontractors takes named by the contractor.Assist in the resolution of disputes as they occur.Financial ManagementIn consultation with the Quantity Surveyor, check the contractors payment claims including checking materials on and off site as required. fork over confirmation to the BOT Representative that progress payments are a fair reflection of the honor of works undertaken and therefore the certificate is approved to the BOT Representative for payment. Monitor the payment process and instiga te action in the event of problems.Arrange for the negotiation of all variations approved by the BOT Representative in a timely manner and ensure that the budget, quality and programme implications of variations to the contract are fair and reasonable, and certify approved variations. Monitor the variation process and instigate action in the event of problems.Certify all payments in accordance with the contract requirements.Continuously monitor and manage all costs of the project and, in conjunction with the Quantity Surveyor, take responsibility for the delivery of the project within the allocated budget.In consultation with the Quantity Surveyor (and design team / Contractor, as appropriate), provide a monthly summary to the BOT Representative showingContract Works completed to dateWorks programmed for the following(a) monthThe updated forecast final project cost (cost to complete)The status and value of variations if anyPayments to dateRetentions held andA cash-flow forecast.Co mmissioningOversee the preparation of a detailed systems commissioning and testing programme.Oversee the preparation and schedules of test reports and certificates to be obtained, and ensure they take place in a timely manner.Ensure that all parties are aware of what is required.Monitor the commissioning and testing programme and instigate appropriate action in the event that delays occur.Monitor the results of the tests and agree suitable measures with the team in the event that failures occur.Oversee the preparation of the operating and maintenance manuals and check that they meet with the BOT Representatives requirements.All other duties to successfully manage the construction and commissioning phases.CompletionAssist the BOT Representative in any arrangements for a phased handover of the project (if necessary) and the logistics of taking possession of the project.Co-ordinate the activities of inspection force play from the BOT Representative, consultants, contractors and statuto ry bodies.Ensure that all necessary reports, certificates (including Certificate of Public drop and Code Compliance Certificate), as built drawings and contractor guarantees, sub trade and product guarantees have been obtained for handover.Advise the BOT Representative regarding any statutory requirements it may be required to comply with on taking possession of the project.Prepare final information and issue final certificates.Complete all necessary Ministry of Education documentation (including PMIS requirements) required by the BOT Representative, in conjunction with the design team.Payment termsThe Project Manager shall prepare and render to the Principal a valid monthly GST invoice, in respect of the requital. To be valid a GST invoice mustClearly show all GST overdueBe in New Zealand currencyBe clearly marked Tax invoiceContain the Project Managers name, address and GST number, if the Project Manager is registered for GSTContain the Principals name and address and be marke d for the attention of the Principals Contract ManagerState the date the invoice was issuedName this Agreement and provide a description of the Services supplied, including the amount of time spent in the delivery of the Services if payment is based on an Hourly Fee Rate or Daily Fee RateContain the Principals contract reference or purchase order number if there is one andBe supported by GST receipts if expenses are claimed and any other verifying documentation reasonably requested by the Principal.GeneralProvide a written report to the BOT Representative, no less than monthly, regarding the status of the project, including only not limited to PCG meetings, progress of the project and any application for a variation, and obtain any necessary decisions.Initiate action in the event that any aspect of the project fails to proceed to plan. Upon consultation with the BOT Representative, agree suitable corrective action and monitor its implementation.Quality AssuranceEach consultant is r esponsible for checking their specific discipline.The design team and Project Manager will also check the work throughout the project.All contractual obligations relating to quality assurance and remedying defects will be managed by the Project Manager, who will be satisfied that the Contract Works have been completed to the required standard prior to issuing the practical completion certificate and certifying final payments.The BOT Representative may carry out its own independent quality control checks. However, any such checks will not obviate the responsibilities of the contractor, the Project Manager or the consultants.Additional ConsultantsThe Project Manager will have a key role in the decision making process for the appointment of all consultants (i.e. the design team and the Quantity Surveyor), due to the fact that the Project Manager is responsible for their performance.The design team will nominate his or her own sub-consultants, and the selection of the design team will t ake into count on the quality of those sub-consultants.Ongoing servicesWhere the Project Manager is engaged to deliver a number of projects/services on an ongoing basis (e.g. a number of 5YA projects) in relation to SchoolThe Project Manager shall work instantaneously with a representative of the Principal to discuss and plan any projects which the Principal may be contemplating at the School.Individual projects will be delivered as per the requirements in sections 1 to 12 of this specification.

Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism

Radio iodine Therapy for hyperthyroidismRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRadioiodine therapy is now a day increasingly used for interference for hyperthyroidism. The response to this sermon is unpredictable and the factors postulated to predict fall exit have non generally proven clinically useful or is not widely accepted in clinical practice. So this retrospective fill was carried out to determine whether the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics at presentation had each regulate on the replication and the success of the radioiodine therapy. This moot was carried out in the thermonuclear Medicine Department of Kovai Medical Center And Hospital during the inclusive period of Jan 2014 to July 2014. At the beginning of the look at 70 tolerants were entangled, but only 62 completed follow up.In this study, the records of 70 hyperthyroid patients were reviewed. Among those 70 patients, 23 (32.9%) males and 47 (67.1%) females were enrolled. The female to male ratio w as 2.11, showing a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) relative incidence of hyperthyroidism in females than in males. Even though females are much pr wholeness to hyperthyroidism, this had no influence on the outcome of therapy (p=0.2330). Similar studies conducted by Antony Lewis et al also could not find any friendship between gender and outcome of therapy. (Table 1 Graph 1)As hyperthyroidism is comparatively more common in adult population, for convenient analysis patients were reason based on the age limit into 2 groups i.e. less than 35 long duration and above 35 years . The mean age of study patients was imbed to be 42.5613.44 years (range 15 to 72 years). 21 patients came beneath the category of less than 35 years with females and males with mean age of 27.425.81 and 26.577.45 years respectively. The remaining 49 patients comes under the age limit of above 35 years, the mean age of male patients was 49.069.05 and 49.2110.21 years in females. This indicated a higher incide nce of hyperthyroid conditions in subjects above 35 years. According to this study, there was no significant tendency for proportion cured to change with age (p=0.899). Studies through with(p) by Robert A.Nordyke et al also could not find any association with age and cure rate and also the mean age of the study population was also similar.(Table2,3 Graph 2,3)The patients in this study certain a flash-frozen point of 10 mCi for sculpt disease and relatively higher dots for unhealthful multinodular goiters based on the size of thyroid gland heady by physical examination and thyroid uptake scan. Of the total of 70 patients who received hot iodine 52 (74.3%) patients were treated with an average dose of 5 mCi, range (0-10 mCi) and 18 patients received an average dose of 15 mCi, range (11-20 mCi) of radioactive iodine. The optimal method for determining the appropriate iodine-131 sermon dose remains controversial. Techniques vary from fixed dose to more voluptuous calculations based on the gland size and iodine uptake. In reckon dose method, a dose of RAI is administered which is proportional to the size of the gland, this theoretically increases the chances of cure. entirely studies make by satzal-Mazer et al and Y.Khalid et al have failed to demonstrate any improvement in cure rate with calculated dose compared to fixed dose regimen. In this study ,a good force was seen in 90.9% of patient who received a dose of RAI in the range of 0-10 mCi and 83.3% of patients receiving a dose of 11-20 mCi, but this correlation was not significant.(p=0.403)(Table 4 Figure4)Studies through by Funda Utsun et al revealed that volume of the patients was treated for Graves disease followed by toxic multinodular goiter. In this study also among the patients who received radioactive iodine, the largest group was diagnosed with Graves disease (54 patients, 77.2%), followed by toxic multinodular goiter (11 patients, 15.7%). The relatively smaller groups include those wi th thyrotoxicosis (4 patients, 5.7%) and solitary thyroid nodule (1patient, 1.4%). (Table 5 Figure 5)clinical Graves ophthalmopathy was noted in 8 patients (11.4%) in which except one all others were female. 62 patients (88.6%) were free from ophthalmopathy. Of the 8 patients who had ophthalmopathy, 5 patients was treated successfully and hence there was no significant correlation between ophthalmopathy and outcome of the treatment in this study (p=1.00). Studies through by Wisam.K.Ghadban et al found out that there was no significant worsening or new-fangled development of ophthalmopathy post RAI treatment. In contrast, a systematic review done by Shamasunder H.Acharya et al concluded that radioiodine therapy is associated with increased risk of progression of ophthalmopathy compared with antithyroid drugs and hence pretreatment with steroids is necessary.(Table6 Figure 6)Presence of goiter was assessed clinically by endocrinologists and was documented as either present or absent at the time of radioiodine administration. About 58 patients (82.9%) showed the presence of goiter and in 12 patients (17.1%) the signs of goiter were not present. No significant association was seen in this study on goiter and treatment success. (p=0.326). In contrast, previous studies done by Anthony Lewis et al revealed that patients with small or no goiter were more probably to be successfully treated by a single dose.(Table 7 Figure 7)Prior use of antithyroid medication occurred in 63 patients (90%). Of these, 68.57% (48 patients) received treatment for more than one year whereas 21.43% (15) of patients received for a period of less than one year.10% (7) of patients had no pre-treatment with antithyroid medication onward RAI administration. Previous studies done by Joyce S Y Yau et al exhibit that there was no significant association between anti-thyroid medication and radioiodine treatment within one year. (Table 8 Figure 8)Among the study subjects who received pre-treatmen t, majority of the patients were treated with carbimazole (40%, 28 patients), followed by neomercazole (19 patients, 27.2%) and methimazole (15 patients, 21.4%). Only 1 patient among the 63 patients was treated with propylthiouracil (1.4%). All were advised to stop the drugs 7 days before radioiodine administration. A significant correlation was not observed between pretreatment with antithyroid drugs and treatment success (1.00). In a prior study done by Edward Prinat et al ,treatment success was obtained in patients with no pre-treatment and those who have halt ATD seven days before 131I admnistration, while in the group of patients who received MMI until 131I application,success was significantly lower.(Table 9 Figure9)The primary objective of radioactive iodine therapy is to eliminate hyperthyroidism, but what is important to patients is the quickness of therapeutic effect. Graph 10 shows change in mean concentrations of TSH and T4 before and after I131 administration. The re sult revealed an increase in TSH concentration after the RAI treatment whereas the T4 levels showed a decrease in the concentration which indicates that therapeutic effect is achieved in the hyperthyroid patients. Piotr Szumowski et al came up with a study which showed similar results. (Table 10 Graph 10). thyroid hormone concentrations before and after administration of radioiodine was analysed. A significant dispute was found in the concentration of TSH and T4 before and after radioiodine therapy in patients who are on thyoxine replacement therapy after RAI administration (p=0.000 p=0.003 resp.). Whereas on comparing the concentration of TSH and T4 prior and post therapy on who were not on drugs, there was no significant difference (p=0.533 0.057) (Table 14).As the time after radioiodine administration elapses,the percentage of hypothyroid patients increases. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 38.5 %( 27) in first trimester, 12.8 %( 9) in second trimester and 2.8 %( 2) in the t hird trimester. A prior study done by Ajith S Shinto et al also similar incidence of hypothyroidism after therapy. (Table 12 Graph 12)The assessment of overall efficacy of treatment at one year after I131 administration showed that a euthyroid locating was achieved in 24.3% (17) of patients, hypothyroidism was observed in 54.3% (38 patients), while persistence or recurrence of hyperthyroidism was seen in 10% of patients , which revealed that a second dose of radioiodine is undeniable in these patients. This outcome meant that 75.7% of patients require gain treatment. In that 38 patients requires further hormone replacement therapy and 7 patients requires a second dose of radioactive iodine. The achievement of euthyroid and hypothyroid status is considered as good result. Studies done by Mosako Tsuruta et al and Sirianong Namwongprom et al also showed similar results.(Table11 Graph 11)

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Factors modify The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology EssayThe purpose of this investigate is to observe the ciphers bear on the Photosynthetic measure of leaves, which is mensur satisfactory in two ways. Firstly ever-changing the luminosity lastingness, this go forth determine the ordain of annex or strike in photosynthesis. Secondly changing the availability of nutrients (C unmatched timentration of carbonic acid torpedo) to the proves, this exit directly sham the photosynthetic order. To test the clear(p) vividness, an elodea submerged in a beaker was placed at opposite measurement onward from the plant, to see if type O (bubbles) is produced. To test the availability of nutrients, antithetical molarities of atomic number 11 Bicarbonate was diluted in 500 ml of pissing with Elodea, to see if gait of photosynthesis change magnitude or decreased.The result shows, as exculpated forte increases, the commit of chemical reception will increase at a proportiona l esteem until a plastered take is r from each oneed. At a set about vividness of four hundred the bonny increase in tread of reply was 746v. At 4 the quantity increase in estimate of response was 8676v, a difference of 7930v, which shows the rate of reaction is greatly influenced by featherbrained color.As the molarity of Sodium Bicarbonate increases, the rate of reaction will similarly increase at a proportional rate with respect to devolve intensity. At 0.05M the bonnie increase in rate of reaction was 0.80r. At 0.1M the intermediate increase in rate of reaction was 1.90r, a difference of 1.1r, which shows the rate of reaction is similarly significantly influenced by the availability of nutrients.Both light intensity and availability of nutrients be important factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.AimTo check over how different factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. The variables that will be changed ar different intensity of light and different molarities of Sodium bicarbonate and then bar the rate of reaction (photosynthetic rate).HypothesisThrough bring out this try outation the light intensity and different molarities of Sodium Bicarbonate will be varied. The variable that is measured will be time, for rate of reaction.As light intensity increases the rate of reaction will increase at a proportional rate. As the ingress of NaHCO3 increases the rate of the reaction will also increase at a proportional rate.IntroductionEvery species on earth c completely for some kind of energy source in station to survive. In animal cells, the mitochondria produce ATP from cellular respiration. However, the plant cells form a different type of center that produces energy-chloroplasts. Plants go through the process of photosynthesis. The main(prenominal) process of photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll, ensn are in leaves and the incoming of carbon dioxide from the environment, and together they produce oxygen and sugar (energy). The equation at a lower place represents the photosynthesis reactionThe purpose of this essay is to test whether factors such as light intensity and level of Carbon dioxide, will affect the rate of photosynthesis, which are the two most important variables in the photosynthesis process. This was demonstrated by Robert cumulation in 1938, known as The pitcher Reaction. Robert Hill and his associates at the University of Illinois found that the photosynthetic rate varies with light intensity, and as the light intensity increases, the reaction rate also increases up to a veritable point.Apparatus c on the whole for for the ExperimentElodea20mm syringeCapillary tubingStand stop watchRulerNaHCO SolutionBench lampDistilled weeweeFigure A) PotometerMethodThe appliance is set (see Fig. A) with the syringe full of the 0.01M solution of NaHCO3 solution. Two marks 10cm asunder are made on the capillary vessel tubing.The syringe is placed 0.05m away from the lamp. utilize the syringe plunger the meniscus of the NaHCO3 is set so that it is level with the first mark.A stopwatch is then started. The meniscus should gradually transport down the capillary tube as the elodea produces oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. As the oxygen is produced it increases the pressure in the syringe and so the meniscus is pushed down the tube. get away Intensity = 1 / remoteness (m)When the meniscus reaches the level of the bottom mark the stopwatch should be stopped. scant(p) intensities have got been worked out using the spare-time activity equation6. Using the a kindred(p) slash of elodea and the identical maintain between the lamp and the syringe the experiment (steps 1 to 5) should be ingeminate for the some other niggardliness of NaHCO3.7. The experiment (steps 1 to 6) should then be repeated at each different distance between the syringe and the light for all the NaHCO3 concentrations. The remaining distances are 0.05m, 0.06m, 0.07m, 0.08 m, 0.1m, 0.2m, 0.3m, and 0.5m.8. The full experiment should then be repeated three times in order to obtain more accurate entropy and to get disengage of any anomalies that may occur in a single experiment.In order to make this experiment as accurate as realistic a number of steps must be taken.The same piece of elodea should be used each time in order to make sure that each experiment is cosmos carried out with the same leaf surface area.The amount of NaHCO3 solution should be the same for each experiment. 20mm should be used each time.The distance should be measured from the anterior of the lamp to the syringe. Although taking these steps will make the experiment more accurate, its trueness is still limited by several factors.From these recorded times I will work out the rate of the reaction using the following equation.Rate of the Reaction = 1 / Time (s)ResultsTable1. (Average of the 4 trails of Molarity against swinging intensity)Molarity of NaHCO3Light Intensity 1/d (m )0.00(Distilled water)0.010.020.050.07400357116661099523 two hundred2781670518398860037520449984485117510054731565590230017701445621100999031502900255212242547623984285016401159454348378028304164801190451966578Using these results I worked out the rateRate Of the Reaction = 1 / Time(s) x 1000The rate was multiplied by 1000 to make the numbers easier to handle.Table2.Average of the 4 trails in rate of reactionMolarity of NaHCO3Light Intensity 1/d (m)0.00(Distilled water)0.010.020.050.074000.280.600.911.915.002780.600.191.011.672.672040.200.220.851.002.111560.180.430.560.691.611000.100.320.340.390.82250.210.250.350.61110.170.230.260.3540.060.080.190.15Light intensity against NaHCO3Graph1.Analysis news of ResultsAnalysisDistilled water With the distilled water the rate of reaction went up from 0.1 to 0.4 when the light intensity was increased from 100 to 400. This is a 4 times rise which is quite large. The curve on the graph does that level out quite soon showing that the rate is e xistence limited by the lack of NaHCO3 in the water.0.01M NaHCO3 At a light intensity of 4 the rate is 0.06 but this rises to 0.6 when the light intensity is brought up to 400. The curve is very shallow and levels off towards a light intensity of 350 400.0.02M NaHCO3 The amount of NaHCO3 is double that of the 0.01M NaHCO3 experiment. The rate also finishes off twice that of the 0.01M experiment. This would invoke that there was a directly proportional relationship between the amount of NaHCO3 and the rate of reaction.0.05M NaHCO3 The curve for the 0.05M NaHCO3 is steeper than the previous curves. The rate rises to 1.9 at a light intensity of 400.0.07M NaHCO3 The 0.07M NaHCO3 test produces a cable system which is steeper than all the previous curves. The plant is using the extra carbonic acid gas to photosynthesize more. As the plant has more CO2 the perchrain factor caused by the lack of CO2 is reduced. This test did produce a big anomaly. The rate for a light intensity of 400 is 5. By following the farm animal of best accord I can see that this result should be more like 3.5. The elodea for this test was very close to the light source. It is possible that it had been leftover here for a while which caused the lamp to heat the elodea up. This would have increased the rate of reaction of the plants enzymes which would have increased the photosynthesis rate.0.1M NaHCO3 The 0.1M NaHCO3 produced the steepest line. Near the end of the line it looks as if the rate of reaction is hit by other constrictive factor. The line goes up steadily but then between a light intensity of 300 and 400 levels off very quickly. This would call down that at a 0.1M NaHCO3 is sufficient for the plant to photosynthesize at its maximum rate with its current environmental conditions. Increasing the NaHCO3 concentration after this level would thus have no effect unless the next limiting factor was removed.DiscussionThe hypothesis was that the rate of photosynthesis would increa se if the light intensity and NaHCO3 levels were increased (please push to Graph1). As the elodea absorbed the light and CO2 it produced oxygen gas which increased the pressure in the syringe. This pushed the air bubble in the capillary tube down. The chloroplasts produce ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH2 when exposed to light. It is at this stage of the reaction that oxygen is produced as a waste product, furthermore, the info collected was supported by the results obtained by Robert Hill and his associates at the University of Illinois, where they predicted, as the light intensity and NaHCO3 levels increased, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase up to a certain level (please refer to Graph2)As predicted when the light intensity increases so does the rate of photosynthesis. It was predicted that a level would be reached where increasing the light intensity would have no more effect on the rate of reaction as there would be some other limiting factor which limits the rate of the reaction. The rate increases at a steady rate as the light intensity increases until near the end of each line where the rate decreases. This is either because the photosynthesis reaction has reached its maximum rate of reaction or another factor is limiting the rate. As 6 different CO2 concentrations were used I can see that the first five reactions are not occurring at their maximum rate as there is the 0.1M NaHCO3 rest which is occurring at a faster rate then the other 5. The photosynthesis reactions of the other five tests must therefore be limited by the concentration of CO2 to the plant.As predicted when the NaHCO3 concentration is increased the plant in able to get more CO2 which causes the rate of reaction to go up. It was predicted that once the NaHCO3 had been raised above a certain level increasing the rate further would have no effect as there would be other limiting factors limiting the rate of the reaction. As the NaHCO3 concentration the water was increased the ra te of photosynthesis also increased. The plant therefore made more oxygen as a waste product. At a NaHCO3 concentration of 0.1M once the light intensity gets above 300 the rate of reaction decreases significantly. This could be because photosynthesis is occurring at its maximum possible rate or because another limiting factor is restraining the rate of reaction.The fact that the curve levels off so quickly indicates that there is another limiting factor restraining photosynthesis. It could be temperature. These tests are being carried out at room temperature so the temperature would have to be raised another 15C before the enzymes in the plants cells were at their optimum working temperature. More tests could be do by using water that was at a high temperature to see what effect this would have on the photosynthesis rate. It is however impossible to raise the plants temperature without affect other factors. For fount the actual amount of oxygen released by the plant is slightly m ore than the readings would suggest as some of the oxygen would dissolve into the water. At a higher temperature less oxygen would be able to dissolve into the water so the readings for the photosynthesis rate could be artificially increased.It is also possible that the photosynthetic reactions in the plant are occurring at their maximum possible rate and so cannot be increased any more. The light is probably not a limiting factor as all but one of the curves level off before the maximum light intensity of 400 is reached. The maximum light intensity that the plants can handle is therefore unsloped below 400.Water will not be a limiting factor as the plants are living in water. They therefore have no stomata and absorb all their CO2 by diffusion through the leaves.Graph1. Light intensity against NaHCO3 MY RESULTSGraph2. Light intensity against NaHCO3 SOURCELimitations and ImprovementThe accuracy of this experiment is limited by a number of factors.Some of the oxygen reveal off is used for respiration by the plant.Some of the oxygen fade away into the water.Some was used by small invertebrates that were found living at bottom the pieces of elodea.The higher light intensities should be quite accurate but the little light intensities would be less accurate because the light spreads out. The elodea will also get background light from other experiments.The lights are also a source of heat which will affect the experiments with only a small distance between the light and the syringe. This heat could affect the results.Using the same piece of elodea for each experiment was impractical as the elodeas photosynthesis rate decreased over time. By using a different piece of elodea for each experiment did create the problem of it being impossible for each piece to have the same surface area.This experiment could be improved in a number of ways.It could be repeated more times to help get rid of any anomalies. A better overall result would be obtained by repeating the experiment more times because any errors in one experiment should be compensated for by the other experiments.Each person should have done their experiments in a different room to cut out all background light.All the experiments should be done sequentially.A perspex screen could have been placed between the light and the syringe to reduce any heating effect that the light may have.The experiment could have been carried out with higher NaHCO3 to see if increasing the concentration would increase the rate of photosynthesis, or if a concentration of 0.1M NaHCO3 produces the maximum rate of photosynthetic reaction.ConclusionThe intention of this experiment was to investigate different factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. The hypothesis was, as light intensity increases the rate of reaction will increase at a proportional rate. As the concentration of NaHCO3 increases the rate of the reaction will also increase at a proportional rate. This was correct, supported by the data c ollected which shows at a light intensity of 400 the come increase in rate of reaction was 746v. At 4 the average increase in rate of reaction was 8676v, a difference of 7930v, which shows the rate of reaction is greatly influenced by light intensity. This was demonstrated by Robert Hill and his associates, with similar results to this experiment, which they found that the photosynthetic rate varies with light intensity, and as the light intensity increases, the reaction rate also increases up to a certain point.

New York New Music Ensemble :: essays research papers

The New York New Music Ensemble began with a bang, literally. This ensemble has been around for twenty-three years and it is considered to be the raising standard in contemporary chamber music. On Thursday afternoon, I byword the ensemble perform three put ups Trio, Nutturno, and Marxville Songbook. These three possess very equivalent tone color and composition. The ensembles first piece, Trio, was composed by Donald Martino. This musician pursued his interest in music at a very young age. By age fifteen, he did not nevertheless know how to play various instruments, but he also started composing. Martino excelled as a member of American Academy of Arts and Letters and was rewarded scholarships. In 1974, Martinos classic sextet, Notturno, won him the Pulitzer Prize in music. In Notturno on that point are three large parts, which could be described as movements that contain the musics continuity. Within these three movements, there are 19 smaller parts. The first and last move ments have nine parts that piddle up the contrasting wakelesss in the music. The final movement concentrates more on the chuck out transformation. Structurally, this format would be a recapitulation, but the use of pitch transforms it into something new. To emphasize the pitch fluctuation, three different kinds of flutes were contend. Because of the pitch variation in this piece, there were many melodies to follow. In a way, the music sounded like sound effects to a horror flick. For example, the tone color of the piece would be nice and calm then all of a sudden the rhythm section would contribute a crashing sound and disturb the quiet. Towards the end of the piece, the musicians tapped their instruments to add to the supernatural atmosphere. In comparison to Notturno, Martinos Trio (the first piece played) as yet produced the same psychotic and dramatic sound. This instrumental consisted of small packets of sound played softly then fiercely. The ensemble began the piece slow ly and worked its way to climactic units of music throughout the set. The violins sound danced along the forte-pianos ground. The piano set the rhythm, while the clarinet and violin built on top of it. This piece was a good example of non-imitative polyphony because the clarinet and violin were playing melodies of their own. To complete the piece, the clarinet trailed off leaving the audience uneasy. The second piece the ensemble performed was the Marxville Songbook, which was composed by Jeffrey Stadelman.

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manifestationNo different agree of the Bible and its interpretation is more controversial than the watchword of Revelation. The book of Revelation, written by John, is the last book in the New volition and perhaps the most important book of the Bible. Revelation enforces the importance of corporate trust and obedience to the concept of Christianity by describing Gods plan for the cosmos and his final judgment of the people. Revelation answers the question of what the future holds for this planet and its inhabitants. energizearm it is a sobering reality for those who have fallen astray, it abide be a great comfort for believers. The book of Revelation is somewhat lamentable to read because it is a forecast of Gods wrath upon humanityity, and it is make full with patterns to the church to remain loyal and obedient so that they may keep off eternal damnation. Most other books in the Bible are implicated with teaching the church how to live in such a guidance that we will be at home in the New Jerusalem. The book of Revelation, however, tells the church why it is important to live according to Gods will in hopes that the church will be on the complimentary side of Gods judgment.In comparing the book of Revelation to the apocalyptic themed movie Contagion, it is important to realize that Contagions maculation revolves around an event that causes widespread havoc and could have ended humanity, barely never actually does. Revelation, on the other hand, speaks of God destroying the earth and hence creating a new earth. The movie Contagion is about the threat represent by a deadly, highly communicable, flu-like virus that spreads a disease with no known cure, kills within hours of the onset of symptoms, and results in mass casualties. As you can imagine, this causes widespread panic and global ch... ...emain loyal and obedient to his teachings no depicted object what hardships they may face. I believe that this is Gods way of warning his people an d attempting to save them from the passel of those who have fallen away from the noblemans will. To be human gist to always be face with a choice of which path to go on. Whether we chose to follow God or to go our own way will ultimately decide our fate and that is something that we cannot say of animals or other life forms. What it means to be human cannot be answered without acknowledging the fate of humanity, and Revelation provides us a glimpse of what that is. For some, what is means to be human will mean to be thrown into the lake of fire with Satan being eternally separated from the goodness of God, and for others, what it means to be human will mean to live forever on a completed earth surrounded by the love of a perfect God.

A Strategic Analysis of Walgreens and the Retail Drugstore Industry Es

IntroductionKnowing the importance of a strategic vision, every caller-out undertakes a complete analysis periodically. In order to create a strategic plan the parties involved must know every smell of the attention and the phoner at hand. The purpose of this paper is to describe and dismember the retail drugstore patience and then focus on Walgreens, the patience leader in terms of sales. As part of the in-depth analysis of Walgreens, its study competitors will in any case be described and psychoanalysed. The retail drugstore indus turn in consists of all those stores that contain a pharmacy and conduct prescription drugs. It as well as includes businesses that transport prescription drugs online and through the mail. Most retail drugstores also fracture other consumer goods and services to augment the low margin earned on prescription sales. To be considered a member of the retail drugstore intentness requires sales of prescription pharmaceuticals to the end c onsumer. Many convenience, food and discount stores sell all everyplace-the-counter medicines, but these stores would non be considered retail drugstores because they do not also sell prescription medicines. Relevant EnvironmentCompetition The germane(predicate) environment, which consists or interactions between the task environment and task environment, has been changing over the past 25 years. As aspiration has increased among grocery, discount and cumulus merchandising chains, blurring of channels has occurred. This is due to stores selling an increasing variety of goods to tense up to broaden their customer base and provide one-stop shopping. Many of these stores have added pharmacies as a source of convenience for their customers, and to increase store traffic, usually view the pharmacy in the back of the store. In response to this pressure, both unaffiliated and chain drugstores have greatly increased the variety of their retail harvest-feast swirlings. Th e sale of cosmetics, along with health and beauty aids, has become an important shekels generator for retail drugstores. Many are now also attitude themselves to compete with convenience stores by offering snack food items, beverages, and secure items. The move to stand-alone stores located on major(ip) roads with ample, close-in set has been an important factor contributing to convenience. Customers As indicated by the type of competition seen in the retail drugstore ... ...Top Performing Companies. March 24,1998.www.riteaid.com. Rite precaution Reports 6.6 Percent Same-Store Sales Increase For May. June 7,2000.www.walgreens.com/ virtually(predicate)/ report/default.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/ summon by dint of Our Past.www.walgreens.com/ round/ bill/hist2.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/ rapscallion done Our Past.www.walgreens.com/ closely/history/hist3.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jhtr, June 15, 2 000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist5.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist6.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist7.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/press/facts/fact2.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Company Overview.www.walgreens.com/about/press/othernews/040400.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Walgreens Joins Katie Couric in topic Campaign.www.walgreens.com/about/press/othernews/051100b.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Walgreens Joins Katie Couric in depicted object Campaign. A Strategic Analysis of Walgreens and the Retail Drugstore Industry EsIntroductionKnowing the importance of a strategic vision, every company undertakes a complete analysis periodically. In order to create a strategic plan the parties involved must know every opinion of the fabrication and the company at hand . The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the retail drugstore labor and then focus on Walgreens, the industry leader in terms of sales. As part of the in-depth analysis of Walgreens, its major competitors will also be described and analyzed. The retail drugstore industry consists of all those stores that contain a pharmacy and sell prescription drugs. It also includes businesses that sell prescription drugs online and through the mail. Most retail drugstores also offer other consumer goods and services to augment the low margin earned on prescription sales. To be considered a member of the retail drugstore industry requires sales of prescription pharmaceuticals to the end consumer. Many convenience, food and discount stores sell over-the-counter medicines, but these stores would not be considered retail drugstores because they do not also sell prescription medicines. Relevant EnvironmentCompetition The relevant environment, which consists or interactions betw een the task environment and task environment, has been changing over the past 25 years. As competition has increased among grocery, discount and bundle merchandising chains, blurring of channels has occurred. This is due to stores selling an increasing variety of goods to try to broaden their customer base and provide one-stop shopping. Many of these stores have added pharmacies as a source of convenience for their customers, and to increase store traffic, usually put the pharmacy in the back of the store. In response to this pressure, both autarkic and chain drugstores have greatly increased the variety of their retail ingathering offerings. The sale of cosmetics, along with health and beauty aids, has become an important advance generator for retail drugstores. Many are now also place themselves to compete with convenience stores by offering snack food items, beverages, and staple fiber items. The move to stand-alone stores located on major roads with ample, close- in set has been an important factor contributing to convenience. Customers As indicated by the type of competition seen in the retail drugstore ... ...Top Performing Companies. March 24,1998.www.riteaid.com. Rite charge Reports 6.6 Percent Same-Store Sales Increase For May. June 7,2000.www.walgreens.com/about/history/default.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist2.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist3.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist5.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist6.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist7.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Page Through Our Past.www.walgreens.com/about/press/facts/fact2.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Company Overview.www.walgreens.com/about/press/othernews/040400.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Walgreens Joins Katie Couric in National Campaign.www.walgreens.com/about/press/othernews/051100b.jhtr, June 15, 2000. Walgreens/Walgreens Joins Katie Couric in National Campaign.

Will the European Union Survive? Essay -- European Union Essays

Europe must prevent Greece from becoming an out-and-out sequel and make sure that the same fiscal remedy is not applied to former(a) weak economies -- Franziska BrantnerEurope is a powerhouse of Western culture and science. It possesses an parsimoniousness with an annual Gross Domestic Product of over sixteen one thousand thousand dollars.1 Europes global economic connections are worth billions to evolution countries and even the United States of America.2 Regrettably for the global economy, the European Union whitethorn collapse very soon, the cost of allowing incompetent politicians to run an economy on bad policy.3 A fiscal league is necessary to prevent the wipeout of the Eurozone.The whole objective of the initiation of the European Union was to create a European economy, a greater European stability and society, all with a greater altruistic attitude.4 This may all have been for naught if the Europeans cannot soak up a preservative tendency. All sides of the table agree that a dissolving agent must be met. After all, to do nothing could risk the transmittance of the primarily Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian crises to more internationally relevant economies, like France and Germany.5 However, the quadruplet most affected countries, Greece, Portugal, Italy, and Spain known collectively under an umbrella uncomplimentary the PIGS, already combine for 24.5% of the entire European economy.6 This means a exhalation of these states from the economy could already amount to sizeable damages. In spite of the strength for such a negative outcome, the sovereigns simply cannot agree to what this solution dexterity look like, and all the solutions thus proposed have appeared to be unsatisfactory.7Debt is a long term problem and accordingly, it makes sense to employ... ...Dec. 2011. .14.Why E.U. collapse is more liable(predicate) than the fall of the euro - The Washington Post. Washington Post Breaking news program, World, US, DC News & Analy sis. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .15.ECB ECB decides on measures to address severe tensions in financial markets. ECB European Central Bank home page. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .16.European fiscal union what the experts say Business guardian.co.uk . Latest US and world news, sport and gab from the Guardian guardiannews.com The Guardian . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .

Age of Renassaince Essay -- essays research papers

The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the fourteenth century, was a period of spacious change in art, culture, and science. The word Renaissance means rebirth. Many of the sterling(prenominal) artists in history, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, lived during this period, but did non follow the trends of society. Great artist like Michelangelo and da Vinci began their own trends ground on personal experience and beliefs.     Renaissances society was very different from feudal society of the Middle Ages. There are many contrasts in the ideals and value of the Renaissance and of the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a fourth dimension of great suffering, including shortage and wide spread disease. The Renaissance, however, was a revival of art, learning, and literature. The purpose of life was viewed other than during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. During "The Age of Faith," or the Middle Ages, mans purpose was to serve God. career was a journey. The life of highest value was the contemplative life, a life use to God. In sharp contrast, mans purpose during the Renaissance was to exercise virtue, or the integrity as a man. During the Renaissance, towns in southern Europe had grown greatly in size. The wealthy people who lived in Renaissance society had more than leisure time and money than did those of the Middle Ages. This meant they could spend more time studying new ideas and had could afford to patronize the arts. During the Renaissance, people ...

Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slav

Comparing Narrative of the deportment of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the carriage of a Slave misfireWhat provokes a person to write about his or her life? What motivates us to read it? Moreover, do men and women tell their life story in the same way? The answers may vary depending on the person who answers the questions. However, i may suggest a reader elects to read an autobiography because in that respect is an interest. This interest allows the reader to draw from the narrators experience and to gain understanding from the experience. When the reader involves him/herself in the experience, the reader encounters what is known and felt by the narrator. The encounter may provide the reader an opportunity to explore a time and key long past.Reading the narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, one identifies a period when the break ones backs voice begins to appear. Douglass and Jacobs emerge during the American Renaissance perio d. During this period, decree struggles with the abolishment of slavery and womens rights. Douglass and Jacobs narratives awaken society to the atrocities of slavery confirmed by their personal experiences. The American Renaissance, distinguished as an intellectual and artistic period, now includes, among others, Douglass and Jacobs brutal historical accounts. Douglass and Jacobs narrative social movement represents the voice slaves who desire freedom from bondage.In Trudy Mercers Representative char Harriet Jacobs and the Incidents in the aliveness of a Slave Girl, she suggests both narratives work as propagandaThe slave narratives of pre-Civil War America may exemplify the earliest and most melodramatic uses of the personal as political, and the sharing of experiences ... ... the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Melus. 22.4 (Winter 1997) 91-108. 16 April 2002 http//relayweb.hwwilsonweb.com/cgi-bin/webclient.pl?sp.usernumber.p=513630&url=yes&sp .nextform=show.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Laughter. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1871-1880.Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1962-1985.McFreely, William S. Frederick Douglass. novel York W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.Mercer, Trudy. Harriet Ann Jacobs Author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Representative Woman Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. 16 April 2002.

Essay examples --

Brandon KourDate 2/12/2014Mrs. Pohlonski1st HourA world of cloneCloning intake to be a thing of pure science fiction. Ever since the offset printing succeederful clon, Dolly the sheep, was created by Dr. Ian Wilmut, scientists substantiate been working on dissimilar techniques to clone animals and even military personnels. Scientist have developed several methods recently to clone animals. Harvesting Cells, Tissues, and Organs for copy or later use advances scientists vogue to save lives and create the perfect baby. Cloning deal be use in medicine, the revival of endangered species, cloning livestock, and even in do drugs production. Cloning for medical uses has the ability to benefit millions of people. First of all, with cloning you can clone animal models of disease. Most scientists that test the cause and effects of human diseases use mice as test subjects. Usually scientists introduce the disease to the animals for testing. However, bad the animals the disease r equires a lot of trial and error. Cloning could significantly light the time needed to create these animal models and the outcome would be a community of genetically uniform animals. In addition, scientist can use cloning to make stem cells. al-Qaida cells are the building blocks of the trunk that manage and repair the body throughout ones life. Stem cells can repair the body by themselves and can be used to repair or regenerate damaged organs or tissues. Some scientists are even flavour at cloning as a focal point to create identical stem cells from the same human and help prevent heart attacks or strokes. If a stem cell is cloned that has a disease researchers and scientist can interpret the disease more and understand treatment. (Why Clone?, January 6, 2014) On June 11, 1993 a movie hit t... ...arize everything Harvesting Organs and tissues for cloning has many benefits. Whether its for Medical uses, Stem Cells, Bringing back extinct species, and Livestock cloning is d efinitely passage to help us in the future. But until then the low success rates and the low survival rates will just have to continue. In Conclusion Cloning is truly a remarkable way to save lives,bring the back, and even fix them. REFERENCES APA format ancestral Science tuition Center (2014, January 8) What are the Risks of Cloning?. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/cloningrisks/ APA formatGenetic Science Learning Center (2014, January 8) Why Clone?. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/

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Courage is fire and browbeat is smoke.--Benjamin Disraeli. Bullying is more(prenominal) connected to smoke than just as aftermath. Bullying, comp atomic number 18d to smoke, is widespread and causes destruction in every emotional state it touches. The tormentor envelopes their victim in fear and a sense of uneasiness that cannot be divided into categories--such as some websites claim--but instead, match slight because all the bully can do is connected to his or her victim in oneness way or another. Bullying touches umpteen plurality in close proximity to one another . In fact, late surveys bewilder found that approximately 60 percent of students enrolled in spunk give lessons have been bullied in some form (Statistics Is Bullying). The facts show that one time started, bullying is incredibly difficult to stop, and wreaks havoc in every life it touches. Bullying affects middle school students in numerous ways. Some of the most(prenominal) common being sensiblely, emoti onally, and academically. Bullying, such as smoke, can cause unspoilt wellness problems to students in middle school. Many bullies choose to physically combat injury their victims in a form of bullying called physical bullying. Physical bullying involves real bodily contact between a bully and his or her victim forthe express purpose of intimidation or control everywhere the victim (What Is Physical). This interaction develops into a retrieveing of satisfaction for the bully because their have done what they int destinationed to accomplish--establish anxiety into the life of the suffer. However, the pain does not end there for some students. Many students suffer from imperfections in their bodies due to the physical contact. Some of which includes bruises, cuts, and scars, leaving a constant reminder of middle school for the rest of their lives. Physical bullyi... ... who atomic number 18 repeatedly bullied receive poorer grades and participate less in class discussions. So me students may get labeled as low achievers because they do not want to speak up in class for fear of getting bullied. Teachers can misinterpret their silence, thinking that these students are not motivated to learn (Wolpert).Without doing well in school, many students are hurting their chances to be successful in life. Bullying causes a students to feel like they do not have fulfillment in their lives. Because of bullying, many students suffer.Because of bullying, many middle school students suffer in more than one area, just as smoke can affect a persons health in more than one area. It affect students body, mind, and school work. To help correct this, peers need to step up if they see mortal being bullied, for the health of the bully, victim, and community.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Crossing the porch where we had dined that June night three months before, I came to a minute rectangle of light which I guessed was the pantry window. The blind was drawn, but I plunge a rift at the sill. turkey cock and Daisy were sitting across peerless another at the kitchen table. They were engaged in a conversation. Tom was talk intently across the table to Daisy with his hand covering her own, as she stared at the cold chicken that lay on the table. Daisy, are you okay? Tom asked her in a gentle tone.Yes, Im fine Tom. why wouldnt I be? she replied after a moment.Daisy, I axiom more or less trouble on the road. George Wilsons wife was killed. You know the cranny that owns that garage? A car killed her. They described it as a youthful big yellow car. It was Gatsbys car.Daisys face was filled with idolise as she slowly stood up and walked around the room. She wasshe was killed? Daisy questioned in a fear voice.After a moment, Daisy went to sit back in her chair and sta red at the cold chicken that lay on the table again. She then face up Tom with a struggle to keep a convincing face. Tom, it was an accident, she last said.Now listen Daisy, I dont want you suck up this Gatsby fella anymore. The coward didnt even stop his car.There was a grit of sadness in Toms eyes as he had said those words. Although Myrtle was killed, Tom was still very concerned about Daisy and Gatsbys bout. Daisy do you want to tell me what has been going on with you and Gatsby all(a) this time? Tom asked her.Daisy suddenly turned sharply at Tom, declare for yourself Tom. What about your little affairs? How many times have you gone(p) on one of your sprees?I saw Tom as a hypocrite. Even though he was off having a shameless affair with Myrtle, he still condemns Daisy for having an affair with Gatsby.Daisy turned from Tom and began to sob, did it ever come down to your mind Tom that I need a little some love too?Toms enormous masculine form rose and moved closer toward s her. His powerful arms touched her dear and he said, Daisy, you know that I love you. Youre worth a three hundred thousand dollar pearl necklace to me.I could see that Tom and Daisy werent happy, but yet they werent unhappy either, and by chance they really did love each other.